In electrostatics, why the electric field inside a conductor is zero? That's for a charged object of course. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+\frac{ \sigma \rho }{ \varepsilon _{0}}=0~~ \Rightarrow ~~\rho(t)=\rho(0)e^{-\frac{ \sigma }{ \varepsilon _{0}}t }$$, Wikipedia gives for copper:$$\sigma=16.810^{-9}~~.m~~at~~20~~C.$$ Why is not merely zero only at the center? There . An electric field does not exist inside a conductor. So the field in it is caused by charges on the surface. There are no differences in potential surfaces between surfaces of the same type. Explanation. So, if there were a non-zero field, what would happen? Why must the electric field be zero inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium?Watch the full video at:https://www.numerade.com/questions/why-must-the-e. Ask questions, doubts, problems and we will help you. The reason for this is that the electric field is created by the movement of electrons in the conductor. So we will start will zero and will move further to explain this. Iron has metallic bonds which is where the electrons are free to move around more than one atom. But the electric field inside a cavity within the conductor is not necessarily zero because it isn't part of the conductor, as my book says. Only if you measure at the centre. Why is an electrical current zero inside an electric conductor? @Aadhil Azeez Your second argument is clearly wrong. Charge continuum and point charge models are used in electrodynamics to describe charges in the real world. Best answer In the static equilibrium, there is no current inside, or on the surface of the conductor, Hence the electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor. Any excess charge resides entirely on the surface or surfaces of a conductor. In other words, if one of the vectors is zero and the other is perpendicular to it, the scalar . Because there are so many electrons, the force of repulsion between them is also very strong. that means in an external field there can be a net field inside the hollow conducting shell. An excess of charge is produced on the surface or surface of a conductor. That's not the only issue. Explain; A 0.1 m long conductor carrying a current of 50 A is perpendicular to a magnetic field of 1.25 mT. If you put a charge inside any object, you'll have to hold it there, otherwise the charge will go to the surface. Created by Mahesh Shenoy. In this article, I will explain why the net electric field line inside a conductor . Where would it be situated in equilibrium state, where the field is zero. @dmckee---ex-moderatorkitten What if, there where only one extra electron inside the conductor. Will electrons in metals be really stationary? Electric field lines do not pass through a conductor . (b) The electric field is zero at every point of the sphere. The point is that $\rho(A)$ is not the "exact" charge density at that point, but rather the averaged value. Why the electric field inside a conductor is zero? Since charges are of the same nature and distribution is UNIFORM, the electric fields cancel each other. Claim: When excess charge is placed on a solid conductor and is at rest (equilibrium), it resides entirely on the surface, not in the interior of the material. Why the electric field lines do not form closed loops ? Combining the charge conservation, Ohm's law and Maxwell's second equation, one gets: $$\begin{cases} \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} + \overrightarrow{ \nabla }. This second question is essentially already answered above. The field is zero inside only if any charge is evenly distributed on the surface. Explain. Is The Earths Magnetic Field Static Or Dynamic? Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for why in current carryi conductor electric field is non zero inside conductor. The net charge q on the inside of said surface is zero. An electric field has a significant impact on materials behavior, and it has an important role to play in electronic devices operation. If you want to answer two questions about the following passage, use your logical reasoning. at rest ? Hint 1. @dmckee --- ex-moderator kitten: what about in the case of motional e.m.f? Thus this charge uniformly distributed on outer surface of a sphere and having no charge inside the sphere. Ulysees. Why the electric field inside a conductor is zero? I finally was able to understand it and I want to show you how I recognize this phenomena. As every other field in science it uses models to describe the nature. We know that conductors (metallic) have free electrons which randomly moves in all directions, so how come we can talk about electrostatics which by definition means stationary charges? In a conductor, there is always a zero net electric field. The electric field lines are radially directed away from the charge as a result of the direction of the field lines. Is it cheating if the proctor gives a student the answer key by mistake and the student doesn't report it? Someone made an incorrect statement, and I am politely correcting. Since area cannot be zero, electric field is zero. You are using an out of date browser. Let's explore the electrostatics of conductors in detail. (By Gauss' Law. Question 1: Electric Fields Inside of Charged Conductors. Also, isn't the fact that charges reside on the surface of the conductor only a corollary of electric field being zero? Inside the conductor, all the charges exert electrostatic forces on each other, and hence the net electric force on any charge is the sum of all the charges constituting inside the conductor. Why? Suggest Corrections 0 Similar questions As the closed surface S we can make it as small as we conclude that at any point P inside a conductor there is no excess burden, so this should be placed on the surface of the conductor. The idea is the same, between electrons the field is non-zero. This is called Four locations along the surface are labeled - A, B, C, and D . Tabularray table when is wraped by a tcolorbox spreads inside right margin overrides page borders. So in equilibrium there is no charge inside. prob solved bt ulysses said tht charge's uniform distribution is necessary for electric field to be zero inside the sphere ..is tht necessary? Isaac Newton used what is called "Shell Theorem" to rigorously prove some important things about spherical shells, one of which is what I mention above, and another of which is that any spherical object can be modeled as a point mass when you are located outside the object. by Ivory | Sep 2, 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments. Therefore, electric field will not be zero inside a metal that is carrying a current. But in the vicinity of each electron the e-field will be non-zero. How can I fix it? Electric fields have a wide range of physical effects and can exert a variety of forces. In electrostatics, any surface you draw inside a conductor will have no net electric flux by Gauss' Law, which is an expression of continuity of the field lines: okk thanks i was thinking tht electric field cease to exist inside the shell bt now i know tht they mutually cancel outright. Let us assume that a conductor is kept in an external uniform electric field E. The direction of electric field E is shown in the figure. The direction of the field is taken to indicate the force that the positive test charge would exert on it. 1-field is ALWAYS zero inside a conductor (which includes a conducting shell) even when there is an external field and even when there is a charge inside. So option A can also be considered as the correct option. Are (the 4 electrons) attached to the disk? You will learn that why electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero. Hence, electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero because there is no charge inside the conductor. Some well known models are point mass, point charge, continuum etc. . The authors usually assume trivial the question about field inside the conductor with external field $E_{ext}=0$, so they jump right away to $E_{ext}\not=0$. I do not understand the logic! When the textbooks try to show why the electric field inside a conductor is zero they say let us put our conductor in an electric field. I do not understand the logic! In electrostatics, why the electric field inside a conductor is zero? rev2022.12.9.43105. The electrons are moving in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the conductor, so the electric field is also perpendicular to the surface. By symmetry the force must be zero when a person is at the center, but it is not so intuitive to see that the force is zero everywhere inside the shell. In the second step, apply Gauss's law to any volume inside the conductor: Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the direction of the electric field at all times. As long as there is no perpendicular current in the electric field, currents will exist on the surface. Why does moving part of a moving coil galvanometer comes to rest almost instantaneously . (5 answers) Closed 8 years ago. It only takes a minute to sign up. Electric fields at the surface of charged conductors acting normally and directing inward when the surface charge density is negative (**sigma*0) are the solution. (They move until the field is canceled.). One considers the electrons individually. Explain what happens to an electric field applied to an irregular conductor. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor because the field lines are perpendicular to the surface. That'S really because well, you have, as i said when you close the switch. This causes a charge separation which produces an electric field by itself. However, the potential . Effect of coal and natural gas burning on particulate matter pollution. Is energy "equal" to the curvature of spacetime? Doc Al I am sorry, but you are saying incorrect things and in a patronizing way. Charge density in a point $A$ is defined using averaging of all charges in a small volume of space $\Delta V$ around the point $A$. The Higgs Field: The Force Behind The Standard Model, Why Has The Magnetic Field Changed Over Time. Inside a conductor, there are an equal number of electrons and protons, so they balance each other and the net charge is zero. Furthermore, electric flux = electric field * area. These electrons are free to move along the metal lattice, and that is why they are called free electrons which make them conductors. charge always resides on the surface of the conductors charge inside the conductor is zero. Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are perpendicular to its surface, ending or beginning on charges on the surface. Ill try to respond to this question if I dont get satisfactory answers, because many people still use Google to look up answers. That is perfectly understood, but my problem is the following: the original claim was that the electric field within a conductor is 0, not the electric field after putting the conductor in an external electric field it became zero. If a sphere is conducting, then its charge is all across the surface. Electric field lines, which are perpendicular to the conductors surface, begin on the surface and end on the conductors surface. $$\varepsilon _{0}= 8.8510^{-12}~Fm^{-1}$$, So: $\frac{ \sigma }{ \varepsilon _{0}} \approx 1900$, The time $\triangle t$ for 99% of $ \rho _{0}$ to diffuse to the surface is: $$ \triangle t =- \frac{ln(0.01)}{1900} \approx 2.10^{-3} s$$. It's conceivable the total force is zero on the surface, where each infinitesimal charge sits, and non-zero inside. So, because of the nature of the conductors that have high density of free electrons, the electrostatic field can not pent-rate in them but it will be terminated more or less in a very thin. A 0.1 m long conductor carrying a current of 50 A is perpendicular to a magnetic field of 1.25 mT A conductor AB of length l moves in x-y plane with velocity $ vec{v} = v_0(hat{i}-hat{j})$ . Why is the electric field inside a charged conductor zero? Originally Answered: Why is the electric field inside a conductor zero? Electric Field Inside a Conductor The electric field inside a conductor is always zero. Isaac Newton used what is called "Shell Theorem" to rigorously prove some important things about spherical shells, one of which is what I mention above, and another of which is that any spherical object can be modeled as a point mass when you are located outside the object. Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? The potential function of an electrostatic field is given by V = 2x. Are there breakers which can be triggered by an external signal and have to be reset by hand? Why is electric field inside a shell zero? In other words, if one of the vectors is zero and the other is perpendicular to it, the scalar product between the two vectors equals zero. The electric field is perpendicular to the conductors surface, which means that current can flow freely through it. The SI unit assigned to a physical quantity is referred to as a meter for distance. The electric field is zero inside a conductor. An electric field cannot exist within the conductor. Q: Why electric field inside a conductor is zero?Ans: When we place any conductor like copper or gold conductor inside electric field, induced electric field is generated inside the conductor. Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are perpendicular to its surface, ending or beginning on charges on the surface. Why is the electric field inside a conductor is zero? Shall I draw a diagram and calculate the e-field somewhere in the middle between electrons, on the surface? In plasma kinetic theory, one derives a method to calculate these average and how they vary in both space and time. Any excess charge resides entirely on the surface or surfaces of a conductor. so according to Gauss. If electric field were zero in all situations, then there will be no electric current in a metal wire. But if the force was non-zero inside, charges would still be moving, and the situation would not be electrostatic. The key is the randomness of thermal motion which averages to zero. These videos of khan Academy might be helpful : 1). The proof for your second question is not difficult. Explain how a metal car may protect passengers inside from the dangerous electric fields caused by a downed line touching the car. What about quantum mechanics? The electric field inside a charged conductor is due to the movement of electrons within the conductor. So equilbrium of electrons does NOT imply zero electric field around them. How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? Note: A zero electric field inside the conductor indicates that no potential difference exists between two points on the inside of the conductor. The electric field inside a hollow charged conductor is zero. What happens then is that there will be an induced surface charge density which consequently induces an electric field within the conductor such that the total electric field within the conductor will be zero. The electric field is zero inside a conductor. Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are perpendicular to its surface, ending or beginning on charges on the surface. They are perpendicular to thesurface of a conductor only if the conductor is a perfect conductor. Good luck! A conductors external surface is only exposed to the electric field. Suppose we want to verify the analogy between electrostatic and magnetostatic by an explicit. Electric field is due to charge but there is no charge inside the conductor, all the charge is on the surface. Might be zero inside and non-zero on the surface or vice versa when equilibrium is reached. Explain why no electric field may exist inside a conductor. Why charges reside on the surface on conductor? The net charge inside a conductor remains zero and the total charge of a conductor resides on its surface as charges want to attain equilibrium so they come on the surface to minimize the repulsion among them. I'm not sure that's true. Reason: The electric field within the conductor must be zero. The electric field inside a conductor in which there is NO current flowing is 0. A conductor has a large number of free electrons which are responsible for its conduction. Yes, they do randomly move in all directions and that is the point. It is easily to show that the electric field in conductor is zero. When comparing static electricity and electric circuits, it is critical to keep a constant perpendicularity of electric field lines to conducting surfaces. Information about why in current carryi conductor electric field is non zero inside conductor covers all topics & solutions for Class 12 2022 Exam. 0. merryjman said: If the electric field inside a conductor was NOT zero, then there would be a force acting on the mobile charges, and so they would rearrange until the force WAS zero. The transient is not static and you can't perform a full analysis with the tools of electrostatics, but it is also. Macroscopic scale: The field inside need not be identical to the field on the surface. In this case the electric field will not be zero. 2-the potential at all points is same whether there is an external electric field or non uniform distribution of charge due to a charge kept in the cavity inside the shell. The electric field lines inside a conductor are zero because the conductor is a perfect conductor. Zero Electric field inside conductor and Electrostatics definition, Electric field inside a conductor non zero, Confusion in electric field inside a conductor. Why do charges reside on the surface of a conductor? Charge continuum is given by one main quantity and that is charge density. Was the ZX Spectrum used for number crunching? So the free charge inside the conductor is zero. For most charged conductors, the sum will NOT be zero. JavaScript is disabled. In electrostatics free charges in a good conductor reside only on the surface. When the textbooks try to show why the electric field inside a conductor is zero they say let us put our conductor in an electric field. Is the EU Border Guard Agency able to tell Russian passports issued in Ukraine or Georgia from the legitimate ones? So for any physics problem involving time scale greater than the milli-second, one can consider there is no volume charges in conductors. On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics There is an analogy to this that you might find helpful; it has to do with the gravity force acting on a person inside a hollowed-out shell of a planet. The SI is smaller and larger than the basic SI, so it can be converted into a exponent of 10. Contradiction: If there WERE an electric field inside the conductor, the field would exert a force on the free electrons on the surface of the conducting sphere, which would cause them to accelerate. Consider a Gaussian surface inside the conductor. If the conductor is not aperfect conductor, the field lines will be bent as they travel along the conductor surface. This can be understood mathematically using Gauss law. electrostatics electric-fields conductors 3,427 Solution 1 In an ideal conductor electrons are free to move. If a thin spherical plastic shell had a small section made of lead, for example, that section would clearly exert a stronger force on a person inside and ruin the symmetry. In a conductor, there is always zero electric field because there is only free electricity on the surface of the conductor and no conducting free electrons. Because there aren't any sources, only neutral atoms and free electrons/holes on the surface. Isn't the field inside non-zero because of a magnetic field? Describe the electric field surrounding Earth. Your question is supposedly referred to the situation of a conductor standing in a space region where some electric charges settled around, generate an electric field (electroSTATIC fie. An electric field exists inside a conductor because of the way that charges interact with the material. You will learn that why electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero. Imagine just 4 electrons in a circular disk. This is why an electric field is not typically observed inside a conductor. Static electricty and fields inside of the conductor? Contradiction: If there WERE an electric field inside the conductor, the field would exert a force on the free electrons on the surface of the conducting sphere, which would cause them to accelerate. Line 25: this is a function to calculate the value of the electric field at the location robs (that stands for r observation). What happens then is that there will be an induced surface charge density which consequently induces an electric field within the conductor such that the total electric field within the conductor will be zero. Yes, Shell Theorem relies explicitly on a uniform distribution of mass/charge/whatever. A circuits flow of electric current must be carried out with the help of an electric field. Since the charge and closes. As a result, the electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface. OR Alternatively, (3) if there is a non-zero electric field within a conductor, electric charge within will accelerate under its influence which is inconsistent with the electrostatic condition Thus, if the electrostatic condition holds, the electric field within a conductor is necessarily zero. It is well known that charges accumulate on the surface of a conductor when equilibrium is reached. Line 29: this calculates the electric field due to one charge. Determine the electric field, The electrostatic potential inside a charged spherical ball is given by = a r^2 + b where r is the, A metal box is placed in a space which has an electric field .What is the field inside ? Connecting three parallel LED strips to the same power supply. \overrightarrow{j} =0 \\\overrightarrow{j}= \sigma \overrightarrow{E} \\\overrightarrow{ \nabla }.\overrightarrow{E} = \frac{ \rho }{ \varepsilon _{0}} \end{cases} ~~\Rightarrow ~~ Equipotential surfaces are closer to one another in stronger fields. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. Mark the correct options. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A driver is characterized by the charge carriers can move freely within it. As for the non-static nature of the transient, well, yes. "Electric field intensity due to charged metallic sphere [solid or hollow]" consider a metallic sphere of centre O and radius R. When +q is imparted to the sphere. so according to Gauss. Q: Why electric field inside a conductor is zero?Ans: When we place any conductor lik. In order to calculate the relation between time t and position x, p and q are constants. Question:Why should electrostatic field be zero inside a conductor ? Since the electrons in a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium are NOT moving away from each other, there can be no electric field inside the . Any excess charge resides entirely on the surface or surfaces of a conductor. So how is that proving that the field is zero? Therefore, we say that electrostatic inside a conductor is zero.To learn more about zero electric field inside a conductor, watch this animated lecture till the end.#PhysicsSubscribe my channel at:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_ltCdLVMRZ7r3IPzF2Toyg\r\rYoutube link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_ltCdLVMRZ7r3IPzF2Toyg\r\rFacebook link: https://www.facebook.com/Najamacademy/ Q. Why is the electric field on the surface of a perfect conductor zero when an electromagnetic wave hits it? Why is the electric field inside a charged conductor zero? In electrostatic equilibrium conductors, an electric field is directed completely perpendicular to the surface of the conductor. In electrostatics free charges in a good conductor reside only on the surface. In fact an electron on the surface might experience no net force (in equilibrium) but still produce a field of its own in its vicinity. Explain why the electric field inside a conductor placed in an external electric field is zero. In other words, because the electric and magnetic fields are parallel, they are perpendicular. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Is iron a bad conductor of electricity? A circular surface on an equipotential surface is of two-dimensional nature. As we know that the free electrons move arbitrarily in all directions when there is no electric field applied to the conductor. this should answer your question. If electric field is inversely proportional to distance from charge squared, won't the field be greater at a point that isn't in the center, as it will be closer to one side of the sphere? And on the burning issue of the field inside an arbitrary conductor, the answer was given too: The field inside can be calculated numerically for any conductor based on the relation between surface curvature and charge density. The physical quantity is made up of two parts: the numerical quantity and the unit, and it equals both of them. First we need to understand what are some basic assumptions of the classical electrodynamics. This induced electric field oppresses the external or applied electric field. Electric fields are nonzero in current-carrying wires, for example. In any case, try choosing a simple geometry, make an estimate of the fraction of charges that are free to move and calculate the saturation field. there are a couple of arguments on how the electric field inside a conductor is zero. Electron drift arises due to the force expence by electrons in the elector field inside the conductor by force to cause acceleration. Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. Describe how a lightning rod works. In electromagnetism books, such as Griffiths or the like, when they talk about the properties of conductors in case of electrostatics they say that the electric field inside a conductor is zero. It sounds like no amount of discussion will dissuade you from your position, so I will leave you to your own devices. You could do it with 4 electrons, or with 4000000000 electrons. electrostatics electric-fields conductors Share Cite ), $$\sigma=16.810^{-9}~~.m~~at~~20~~C.$$, $$\varepsilon _{0}= 8.8510^{-12}~Fm^{-1}$$, $\frac{ \sigma }{ \varepsilon _{0}} \approx 1900$, $$ \triangle t =- \frac{ln(0.01)}{1900} \approx 2.10^{-3} s$$, $$ \int_ \Sigma \overrightarrow{E}. Since zero is also a constant number, the electrostatic potential inside the conductor can also be taken to be zero. Due to which the net electrostatic field becomes zero. An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a sphere. Answer (1 of 2): I couldn't find a better picture than this one copied in Wikipedia; many thanks to Wikipedia. If all charge will be at the corner then there will not any electric field at the center, because of arrangement is symmetric about the center of the pentagon. The electric field and "area" are vectors, which can cancel out (for instance, if there is a uniform electric field and you choose a region without any charge in it - then the flux will be zero, but certainly there will be a non-zero electric field present). Hence in order to minimize the repulsion between electrons, the electrons move to the surface of the conductor. $$ \int_ \Sigma \overrightarrow{E}. charge always resides on the surface of the conductors charge inside the conductor is zero. Dec 5, 2014 If you were looking at the conductor at the instant the external electric field was applied, there would be internal fields and currents as the charges rearranged. There are at least two ways to understand this. Charge enclosed by it is zero (charge resides only on surface). Since there is no charge inside the conductor, when placed inside the electric field, more negative charge comes . The electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface of the conductor and are parallel to the electric field lines outside the conductor. When is electric field equal to zero? Furthermore, as a propagating EM wave passes through a homogeneous, linear, anisotropic medium, the E and B fields must always be perpendicular. t= px2 + qx gives a reference value of x for a particle moving along the x-axis. Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? Electric fields are kept away from conductor surfaces in order to maintain a voltage difference across the surface and prevent current from flowing. Is there a higher analog of "category with all same side inverses is a groupoid"? That is the total electric field. The electrons are repelled by the positively charged ions in the conductor, and this repulsion creates an electric field. This is very basic but important concept to understand. Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? Conductors are defined by the freedom of some of the charges inside to move with little resistance. Since I'm not satisfied with the answers and it seems that people still stumble upon this question googling, I'll try to answer it. Again: What does this have to do with the field inside a conductor? If you see the "cross", you're on the right track. A diagram of an irregularly shaped charged conductor is shown at the right. Their motion and the electromagnetic field they generate widely varies in both space and time. But when one charge removes then equilibrium will disturb and the electric field will be generated toward that vacant corner, and its magnitude will be equal to the -q charge at a point. The electric field lines inside the conductor are parallel to the electric field lines outside the conductor because the conductor is a perfect conductor. Hence , the interior of conductor is free from the influence of the electric field . \overrightarrow{d \Sigma } = \frac{Q_{en}}{ \varepsilon _{0}} =0 $$ Note that often-quoted simplistic rule that, "the electric field inside a conductor is zero," applies only to static situations. What about quantum mechanics? If the electric field inside a conductor is zero then how does current flow through it? If there were a non-zero field there, they'd move. Also we average the charge density over some small time interval $\Delta t$. Understanding zero field inside a conductor? If the electric field is non-zero, then electrons in the conductor will feel it and move, until go to the boundary of the conductor, and then stop there. Hence we can say that the net charge inside the conductor is zero. The flow through the closed surface $S$ is zero. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. To find where the electric field is 0, we take the electric field for each point charge and set them equal to each Even very small surface charges are made up of bjillions of electrons, so it's fair to use statistical measures. It has to start at zero and then I add to it for each charge. If the charges in a conductor in equilibrium at rest, the electric field intensity in all interior points of the same must be zero, otherwise, would move the loads caused an electric current. Merryjman, are you familiar with the math involved in here? The electric field is zero inside a conductor. Within a conductor arbitrarily draw a closed surface $S$, and it follows that: The electric field is zero, $E = 0$ on all points of said surface. Shall I dig up the relation between curvature and charge density, or you agree now? Even without an external field, if the object is not spherical the electric field inside will be non-zero, in equilibrium. @harry motional emf is generally not considered to be "electrostatics" anymore, Moreover, electric fiels cannot penetrate through a conductor as found in faraday's ice pail experiment. 3. Explanation: Charged conductors that have achieved an electrostatic balance share a variety of unusual characteristics. Charge accumulates on surfaces as electric fields are generated, and charges can also be shifted. In jargon you would say that classical electrodynamics doesn't see the quantum and thermal effects because of its zoomed out scale. Both the motion of individual electrons and the electromagnetic fields are not measurable with standard laboratories apparatus. You might be wondering if there are limits to this claim, but a introductory book of that sort is not worrying about extreme situations. 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