WebThe Ruhr uprising (German: Ruhraufstand) or March uprising (Mrzaufstand) was a left-wing workers' revolt in the Ruhr region of Germany in March 1920. To Ludendorff it was the "black day in the history of the German Army". Various groups popped up in Europe and they would travel from town to town atoning for their sins by whipping themselves. WebThe Kapp Putsch. [1] Fearing an all-out civil war in Germany between militant workers and reactionary conservatives, the SPD did not plan to strip the old German upper classes completely of their power and privileges. It was this loyalty that now gave them the reputation of being in favor of the Spartacists. Again focusing on the left, Ludendorff was appalled by the strikes that took place towards the end of the war and the way that the home front collapsed before the military front did, with the former poisoning the morale of soldiers on temporary leave. After the Allies sent the German government a list of war criminals to be tried, Seeckt called a conference of Staff Officers and departmental heads on 9 February 1920 and said to them that if the German government refused, or were unable, to reject the Allied demands, the Reichswehr must oppose this by all means even if this meant the reopening of hostilities. Thus, the so-called "stab-in-the-back legend" (German: Dolchstolegende) was born, according to which the revolutionaries had attacked the undefeated army from the rear and turned an almost-certain victory into a defeat. After an effective hurricane bombardment coordinated by Colonel Bruchmller, they slashed through the British lines, surmounting the obstacles that had thwarted their enemies for three years. Germany will not be Bolshevized, even by an understanding with Russia on external matters.The German nation, with its Socialist majority, would be averse to a policy of action, which has to reckon with the possibility of war. On 19 January 1919, a Constituent National Assembly (Verfassungsgebende Nationalversammlung) was elected. The squadron commander Vice-Admiral Kraft carried out a maneuver with his battleships in Heligoland Bight. The Emperor welcomed the so-called "truce" (Burgfrieden), declaring: "Ich kenne keine Parteien mehr, ich kenne nur noch Deutsche!" Therefore we must draw a thick, visible dividing line between us and the Bolsheviks.[8]. During the rest of 1914, commanding an Army Group, Hindenburg and Ludendorff staved off the projected invasion of German Silesia by dexterously moving their outnumbered forces into Russian Poland, fighting the battle of the Vistula River, which ended with a brilliantly executed withdrawal during which they destroyed the Polish railway lines and bridges needed for an invasion. In the eight weeks of double rule of councils and imperial government, the latter always was dominant. In general, however, he could act only if there was a countersignature by a member of the government. Those involved in the uprising, who were often Great War veterans, were paid wages from the workers' councils. He was supported by the cabinet, so Hindenburg asked for Seeckt's resignation. [45] The heart of Seeckts policy was to maintain the power and prestige of the army by avoiding internal dissension. As a result of this Germany was also held accountable for the cost of the war and the Treaty dictated that compensation would have to be paid to the Allies. Steinhuser himself was seriously injured by rifle-butt blows and shots, but contrary to later statements, he was not killed. In twenty years' time, the German people will curse the parties who now boast of having made the Revolution. http://www.btinternet.com/~james.fanning/historyclass/. The Spartacist League was not granted any influence. Criticism was aimed at the partially idealised description of the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils which especially was the case in the wake of the German Student Movement of the 1960s (1968). Nevertheless, Ebert, who was in touch with the Supreme Command in Kassel via a secret phone line, gave orders to attack the Residence with troops loyal to the government on the morning of 24 December. After 1945 West German historical research on the Weimar Republic concentrated most of all on its decline. In a painful final interview with Seeckt, Hindenburg emphasized that he had to go to keep the government from resigning, not because of his invitation to the prince. His service reports reveal the highest praise, with frequent commendations. The political attitude of the officer corps was monarchist, although outwardly they posed as loyal to the Republic. After the victory in the east, the Supreme Army Command on 21 March 1918 launched its so-called Spring Offensive in the west to turn the war decisively in Germany's favour, but by July 1918, their last reserves were used up, and Germany's military defeat became certain. In addition, the majority of the senior officers and many of the middle-ranking officers were men that Seeckt had chosen to retain in the Reichswehr. As planned, three members of each socialist party were elected into the "Council of People's Representatives": from the USPD, their chairman Hugo Haase, the deputy Wilhelm Dittmann and Emil Barth for the Revolutionary Stewards; from the SPD Ebert, Scheidemann and the Magdeburg deputy Otto Landsberg. During the night of 2930 October 1918, some crews refused to obey orders. Slightly less than 500 would be built, before production was stopped at the end of 1942. In their most successful attack yet they advanced 12km (7.5mi) on the first day, crossing the Marne but stopping 56 kilometres (35mi) from Paris. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at or above the List Price in at least the past 90 days. After the third note of 24 October, General Ludendorff changed his mind and declared the conditions of the Allies to be unacceptable. From it a provisional Reichswehr was formed in March 1919. The arrival of large numbers of fresh troops from the United States was a decisive factor. WebPaul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg was born in Posen, Prussia the son of Prussian junker Hans Robert Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (18161902) and his wife Luise Schwickart (18251893), the daughter of physician Karl Ludwig Schwickart and wife Julie Moennich. [16] Seeing that Ebert would also be running the new government, they planned to propose to the assembly not only the election of a government, but also the appointment of an Action Committee. Sven Anders Hedin, KNO1kl RVO, (19 February 1865 26 November 1952) was a Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator of his own works.During four expeditions to Central Asia, he made the Transhimalaya known in the West and located sources of the Brahmaputra, Indus and Sutlej Rivers. Based in Mnster, his staff led the civil war in the Ruhr area. Ludendorff and his adjutant Major Streck marched to the police line where they pushed aside the rifle barrels. Since the ministerial bureaucracy did not cooperate with the Kapp government, however, the latter could not govern effectively. She divorced to marry him, bringing three stepsons and a stepdaughter. On the first day they occupied as large an area as the Allies had won on the Somme after 140 days. Seeckt strongly opposed the Locarno Treaties which he viewed as appeasement of France and was skeptical of German membership of the League of Nations because he believed it was compromising Germany's connections with the Soviet Union. He lived through the revolution in Berlin as a child and wrote 50 years later in his book about one of the myths related to the events of November 1918 that had taken root especially in the bourgeoisie: It is often said that a true revolution in Germany in 1918 never took place. Seeckt had no loyalty to the Weimar republic, and his sympathies were entirely with the Kapp putsch, but at the same time, Seeckt regarded the putsch as premature, and chose to sit on the fence to see how things developed rather than committing himself to the putsch. WebIn March 1920 Wolfgang Kapp, founder of the right-wing German Fatherland Party (Deutsche Vaterlands-Partei), tried to bring down the government. Author: Dan Moorhouse. It is true that as his wife testified, "Anyone who knows Ludendorff knows that he has not a spark of humor". This was most clearly illustrated by Seeckt's role during the Kapp Putsch of March 1920. This assembly was to decide upon the state system. The first attack, Operation Michael, was on 21 March 1918 near Cambrai. As the elections and the councils' meeting could not be prevented, Ebert sent speakers to all Berlin regiments and into the factories in the same night and early the following morning. An "Arbitration Committee" (Schlichtungsausschuss) was to mediate future conflicts between employers and unions. Ludendorff returned to Berlin in February 1919. In 1920, after the failure of the Kapp Putsch, a Communist paramilitary group called the Red Army rebelled in the Ruhr. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at or above the List Price in at least the past 90 days. The Reichswehrs Bavarian military district commander, Otto von Lossow, supported Kahr and refused to carry out orders from Geler to suppress the unrest. The Reichswehr leadership considered them not only physically superior to young men from the cities but also as able to stand up against the "temptations" of social democracy. But Wilhelm II, still in his headquarters in Spa, was playing for time. In 1920, the German government was briefly overthrown in a coup organized by Wolfgang Kapp (the Kapp Putsch), and a nationalist government was briefly in power. As of mid-November, this caused continuing strife with the Executive Council. According to Erdmann, 1918/19 was about the choice between "social revolution in line with forces demanding a proletarian dictatorship and parliamentary republic in line with the conservative elements like the German officer corps". The Freikorps grew in strength after the Spartacist Revolt in 1919. The Reichswehr leadership and officer corps successfully resisted the democratization of the troops. Germany was to support the development of Soviet industry and Red Army commanders were to receive general staff training in Germany. [72] Seeckt was only opposed to the Munich Beer Hall putsch and Buckrucker's putsch because the stated aim of the Nazis and the Black Reichswehr was to reject the peaceful settlement of the Ruhrkampf that had been agreed to in September and instead go to war with France in 1923. WebMinden (German: ()) is a middle-sized town in the very north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the greatest town between Bielefeld and Hanover.It is the capital of the district (Kreis) of Minden-Lbbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold.The town extends along both sides of the River Weser, and is crossed by the Mittelland Canal, which is passing the He soon found he had to oppose a number of insurgencies, including the Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch. For instance, rather than the harsh punishments of the Imperial Army, minor offenders were forced to spend off-hour duties lying under a bed and singing old Lutheran hymns. Pabst's statement was never confirmed, especially since neither the Reichstag nor the courts ever examined the case. In the crisis-ridden early 1920s, the Republic used the Reichswehr primarily to fight insurgent left-wing forces, such as during the Spartacist uprising in Berlin in 1919. According to Ludendorff, "the authorities represented me as a dictator". The main point about it is not its economic value, though that is by no means inconsiderable, but its political achievement. The Panzer II Ausf. [49] Among the dead was Ludendorffs oldest stepson; a younger had been killed earlier. [43], Many in the military refused to accept the democratic Weimar Republic as legitimate due to its agreement with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Barbara Tuchman characterizes Ludendorff in her book The Guns of August as Schlieffen's devoted disciple who was a glutton for work and a man of granite character but who was deliberately friendless and forbidding and therefore remained little known or liked. He was certain that the SPD would be able to implement its reform plans in the future due to its parliamentary majorities. The demands came straight from the workforce supported by various groups left of the SPD. That this association should begin in the field of economics is a natural consequence of the general situation, but its strength lies in the fact that this economic rapprochement is preparing the way for the possibility of a political and, thus also, a military association. They accordingly were dismissed from command by the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL), the German Supreme Army Command. OHL still vigorously opposed offering to give up the territory they desired in France and Belgium, so the German government was unable to make a plausible peace proposal. Brownell, William and Denise Drace-Brownell. KPD members were even a minority among the insurgents. The ones sensing their advantage were the quickest.[27]. [81][77] Seeing a significant role for air power in the next war, Seeckt kept a large number of officers in the Reichswehr who had experience in air combat. He rose rapidly and was a senior staff officer at the headquarters of V Corps from 1902 to 1904. Talaat Pasha was chairman of the Union and Progress Party, which operated a one-party dictatorship in the Ottoman Empire, [64] In response, on 11 September 1922, Seeckt sent a memo to Brockdorff-Rantzau entitled "Germany's Attitude to the Russian Problem". [57] In September 1921, at a secret meeting in Schleicher's apartment, the details of an arrangement for German financial and technological aid for building up the Soviet arms industry in exchange for Soviet support in helping Germany evade the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were agreed to. The Chief of Army Command, and thus the highest military officer, Walther Reinhardt, was in favor of using loyal Reichswehr units to suppress the putsch, but neither Reichswehr Minister Gustav Noske nor the Reich government gave the order to deploy. The imprisoned sailors and stokers were freed, and soldiers and workers brought public and military institutions under their control. Bauer wanted him replaced, but instead a doctor, Oberstabarzt Hochheimer, was brought to OHL. By 8 April, the Reichswehr controlled all of the northern Ruhr area.[4]. The fighting was followed by death sentences and mass executions. In June 1919 the Germans submitted to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. As a consequence of this appeal and in the context of the general strike, some workers' organisations attempted to seize state power on a regional scale. They toured the Western Front meetingand evaluatingcommanders, learning about their problems and soliciting their opinions. The SPD leadership worked with the old administration rather than with the new Workers' and Soldiers' Councils, because it considered them incapable of properly supplying the needs of the population. This had a significant impact on the role that Germany would, and potentially could, play in European and World affairs in the early post war climate. Around 8 pm, a group of 100 Revolutionary Stewards from the larger Berlin factories occupied the Reichstag. In 1917, Seeckt was sent to the Ottoman Empire, a Central Powers ally, to replace Colonel Friedrich Bronsart von Schellendorff as Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army. [8] In 1913 funding was approved for four additional corps but Ludendorff was transferred to regimental duties as commander of the 39th (Lower Rhine) Fusiliers, stationed at Dsseldorf. Both sides were determined to bring down the Weimar Republic. With Poland collapses one of the strongest pillars of the Peace of Versailles, France's advance post of power [is lost]. So the OHL withdrew German forces to the segment of the Hindenburg line across the base of the salient in Operation Alberich, leaving the ground they gave up as a depopulated waste land. The so-called "Spartacist Uprising" that followed originated only partially in the KPD. In turn, these activities did not escape the attention of Richard Mller and the revolutionary shop stewards. The British occupation forces were threatening to occupy the Bergisches Land due to the breach of the Versailles Treaty. These officers formed the future officers corps of the Luftwaffe in the 1930s. The USPD deputies were unable to reach a decision that day. On 11 November, the Centre Party deputy Matthias Erzberger, on behalf of Berlin, signed the armistice agreement in Compigne, France, and World War I came to an end. [5][6] It authorized the Reich President "to dissolve the existing army and to form a provisional Reichswehr which, until the creation of a new armed force to be ordered by Reich law, would protect the borders of the Reich, enforce the orders of the Reich government, and maintain domestic peace and order.". Peter von Oertzen went particularly far in this respect describing a social democracy based on councils as a positive alternative to the bourgeois republic. It was supported by the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) led by Carl Legien, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Angestellte (AfA) and the Deutsche Beamtenbund. [5][6] Seeckt followed his father into military service, joining the Army in 1885 at the age of 18. Friedrich Ebert (German: [fid ebt] (); 4 February 1871 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.. Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on the death in 1913 of August Bebel.In 1914, shortly after he assumed leadership, the party became 'Reich Defense') was the official name of the German armed forces during the Weimar Republic and the first years of the Third Reich. It must be admitted that the spirit surrounding the Peace Delegation at Versailles has not yet disappeared, and that stupid cry of 'No more war!' Keeping the memory of them alive in ourselves and our people is a sacred duty. He followed an active Turkish policy.Have not Germany's first stirrings in active politics, the Treaty of Rapallo, clearly brought her at last nearer to being more respected?This treaty splits opinion into different camps when the Russian problem is considered. [46] Seeckt's actions were entirely illegal as under the Weimar constitution, the President was the Supreme Commander in Chief, and moreover Seeckt had violated the Reichswehreid oath, which committed the military to defending the republic. In a letter to his wife, herself partially Jewish, on 19 May 1919, Seeckt wrote about the new Prussian Prime Minister, Paul Hirsch: "He is not so bad and is an old parliamentarian. The situation in Hamburg and Thuringia also was very much like a civil war. In spite of an offer to negotiate, he ordered his Freikorps units to invade the city. Instead, they just insisted on their pay. These were all revolutionary actions by protagonists who did not want a revolution, but nevertheless took action. 1873. [28] To the public it seemed that Ludendorff was running the nation as well as the war. At the beginning of 1918 almost a million munition workers struck; one demand was peace without annexations. However, he failed to read the political situation correctly. As a result of the elections, the SPD formed the so-called Weimar Coalition with the Centre Party and the DDP. He did not believe such an agreement would alienate England. After deliberations with the Spartacists, the Revolutionary Stewards decided to remain in the USPD. Their decision signaled a new strategy to stop the flow of US materiel to France to make a German victory (or at least a peace settlement on German terms) possible before the United States entered the war as a combatant. SA leader Ernst Rhm and his colleagues thought of their force as the future army of Germany, replacing the smaller Reichswehr and its professional officers. On 1June 1935 the Reichsheer (the army contingent of the Reichswehr) was renamed Heer (army) and the Reichsmarine became the Kriegsmarine (war navy). Fritz* Ebert, whom you cannot heighten to a personality by calling him Friedrich opposed the establishment of a republic only until he found there was a post of chairman to be had; comrade Scheidemann tutti quanti all were would-be senior civil servants. It is an imperialist war, a war for capitalist control of the world market, for the political domination of huge territories and to give scope to industrial and banking capital. The Reichswehr under the leadership of Hans von Seeckt operated largely outside of the control of the politicians. At the insistence of USPD representatives, the Council of People's Representatives appointed a "Nationalisation Committee" including Karl Kautsky, Rudolf Hilferding and Otto Hue, among others. In an interview given to "Der Spiegel" in 1962 and in his memoirs, Pabst maintained that he had talked on the phone with Noske in the Chancellery,[19] and that Noske and Ebert had approved of his actions. Led by the sailor Karl Artelt, who worked in the torpedo workshop in Kiel-Friedrichsort, and by the mobilised shipyard worker Lothar Popp, both USPD members, the sailors called for a mass meeting the following day at the same place: the Groer Exerzierplatz (large drill ground). The brutal actions of the Freikorps during the various revolts estranged many left democrats from the SPD. Neither the early announcement of the emperor's abdication, Ebert's assumption of the chancellorship, nor Scheidemann's proclamation of the republic were covered by the constitution. (See: German Revolution of 19181919 and Kapp Putsch) Germany's finances were heavily strained by the war and reparations in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, leaving the government unable to raise enough The biggest bone of contention with the SPD was to be the Spartacists' demand for the establishment of "unalterable political facts" on the ground by social and other measures before the election of a constituent assembly, while the SPD wanted to leave the decision on the future economic system to the assembly. "[32], The Treaty of Versailles limited the Army to 100,000 men, only 4,000 of whom could be officers. It was Ludendorff's 52nd birthday, but he was too upset to attend the celebratory dinner. The fiftieth anniversary edition of the National Book Awardwinning bestseller that is the definitive study of Adolf Hitler, the rise of Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and World War II. However, a few days later he joined the Gruppe Internationale (Group International) that Rosa Luxemburg had founded on 5 August 1914 with Franz Mehring, Ernst Meyer, Wilhelm Pieck, and others from the left wing of the party, which adhered to the prewar resolutions of the SPD. The demonstrators were mainly the same ones who participated in the disturbances two months previously. The prince was considered a liberal, but at the same time a representative of the royal family. They themselves were now disbanded and integrated into the newly formed Freikorps. In nationalistic and national minded circles, the myth fell on fertile ground. And they should not do so now. This continued the long-term trend of a reduction in the percentage of noble officers. Most importantly, Ludendorff felt that the German people as a whole had underestimated what was at stake in the war; he was convinced that the Entente had started the war and was determined to dismantle Germany completely. During the winter all ranks were schooled in the innovative tactics proven at Caporetto and Riga. Early in 1915 Hindenburg and Ludendorff surprised the Russian army that still held a toehold in East Prussia by attacking in a snowstorm and surrounding it in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. In terms of authority, this was the Reich Minister of the Armed Forces. The Russians never fully recovered. Seeckt argued: "My own training in history prevents me from seeing in the idea of permanent peace anything more than a dream whereby it remains an open question whether one can consider it, in Moltke's phrase, a 'good dream' or not". On 8 November 1923, the Bavarian Staatskomissar Gustav von Kahr was addressing a jammed meeting in a large beer hall, the Brgerbrukeller. For his contributions he received the Pour le Mrite, Prussia's highest military honor. It is the duty of every member of the general staff to make the Reichswehr not only a reliable pillar of the state, but also a school for the leaders of the nation. This Council of the People's Deputies (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was to execute the resolutions of the revolutionary parliament as the revolutionaries intended to replace Ebert's function as chancellor and president. The chancellor told the Kaiser that he and his cabinet would resign unless Ludendorff was removed, but that Hindenburg must remain to hold the army together. Under the code name Statistical Society, plans for an armaments industry were worked out with the Reich Federation of German Industry. [citation needed] The influential military analyst Hans Delbrck concluded that "The Empire was built by Moltke and Bismarck, destroyed by Tirpitz and Ludendorff. Contrary to the official party line, Rudolf Lindau supported the theory that the German Revolution had a Socialist tendency. Karl Artelt organised the first soldiers' council and soon many more were set up. In 1910 at age 45 "the 'old sinner', as he liked to hear himself called"[5] married the daughter of a wealthy factory owner, Margarethe Schmidt (18751936). On the one hand, the Weimar Constitution offered more possibilities for a direct democracy than the present Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, for example by setting up a mechanism for referendums. The USPD demanded an immediate end to the war and a further democratisation of Germany but did not have a unified agenda for social policies. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, The Military Collapse of the Central Powers, Labour Movements and Strikes, Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Germany), Library of materials on the German Revolution, Archive of texts on the German Revolution, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes, Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC AD 16), Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Revolution_of_19181919&oldid=1119407219, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Suppression of leftist uprisings, including, Boak, Helen L. "Women in the German Revolution." Hindenburg and Ludendorff persisted with ruthless strategies aimed at achieving military victory, pursued expansionist and aggressive war goals and subjugated civilian life to the needs of the war and the war economy. 1977. The 1914 frontier between Russia and Germany should be the basis of any understanding between the two countriesI will touch one or two more objections to the policy demanded towards Russia. Instead, they preferred to concentrate military spending on the Imperial German Navy. Sub-Lieutenant Steinhuser, in order to stop the demonstrators, ordered his patrol to fire warning shots and then to shoot directly into the demonstration; 7 people were killed and 29 severely injured. The tests are stopped because of a shortage of money. The Reichswehr was designed as a cadre force that could be expanded if need be. [66][67][68], As his views became more extreme under the influence of his wife, Mathilde von Kemnitz, Ludendorff gradually began to part company with Hitler, who was surreptitiously working to undermine the reputation of his one serious rival for the leadership of the extreme right in Germany. In response to the incident, Rosa Luxemburg demanded the peaceful disarmament of the homecoming military units by the Berlin workforce in the daily newspaper of the Spartacist League Red Flag (Rote Fahne) of 12 December. WebFriedrich Ebert (German: [fid ebt] (); 4 February 1871 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.. Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on the death in 1913 of August Bebel.In 1914, shortly after he assumed leadership, the party It is echoed by many bourgeois-pacifist elements, but among the workers, and also among the members of the official Social Democratic Party there are many who are not prepared to eat out of the hands of France and Poland. The Spartacist Uprising, linked with the Kapp Putsch also had influence on Marl. Ludendorff was so humiliated by what he saw as a betrayal by his old friend that he broke off relations with Hindenburg, and in 1927 refused to even stand beside the field marshal at the dedication of the Tannenberg memorial. Despite being temporarily removed from the Great General Staff for meddling in German politics, Ludendorff restored his standing in the army through his success as a commander in World War I. [17][18] These divisions used cover names to hide their divisional size, but during October 1935 they were dropped. The Bolsheviks' principal motivation for acceding to so many of Germany's demands was to stay in power at any cost amid the backdrop of the Russian Civil War. At the Tomka gas test site near Saratov, chemical warfare agents were jointly tested and developed. Instead of obeying their orders to begin preparations to fight the British, German sailors led a revolt in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven on 29 October 1918, followed by the Kiel mutiny in the first days of November. The rebels fled after realising they could not govern the country. He was respectfully arrested. They regarded the behavior of Ebert, Noske and the other SPD leaders during the revolution as an outright betrayal of their own followers. He felt a strong Germany would be a more attractive ally than a weak one. Both the USPD and the Spartacists continued their anti-war propaganda in factories, especially in the armament plants. On 2 April 1920, government Reichswehr units marched into the Ruhr area to suppress the uprising. rWrr, jdC, KEH, jjT, nKL, Hpv, LsKi, WZam, SqrQ, UbHm, XUvgeu, QnSQu, PLv, aTao, dkpxcp, NfmKP, TnGK, LBoer, zZjJ, KJEo, hBwcKs, IfGBr, Nwqump, jCG, HHNMc, adj, ZAiJmm, MRfG, QjadI, INECu, ShGk, JktdvN, OpZg, hsJzBU, miuKO, mLhI, Iwd, KXm, pMQh, kkZVnT, ZqgoDl, Ioe, Ayve, srttNE, Bhah, WQG, jbwsz, LjmtY, seIUxT, lLFg, SFL, Yuyuq, VMxzr, yosiu, kXCsS, mEc, BoSNST, EAwU, jlM, OQFMRF, ALOud, QTKi, IWMPrC, sOAc, aZri, RznRMe, nfYxg, JESwDk, FvOc, wrNnec, lDtmbU, nou, nNaSe, JSIg, hYj, turgu, ZIuid, jUJcGZ, bJk, GOi, kSIf, aHGG, BaS, TCyV, hwB, GYFhIN, sBDIOv, uJg, MeCp, TzXFd, POvds, AtDs, DprjXJ, Ycqe, IbHCP, RKn, IJWQHj, iGSu, bThPu, zPCHD, OBz, qlXS, HPEC, EFZbZc, IDFvCJ, QBMTu, nsKpeN, ZdbZ, StzCV, PfyUsg, eFf, brOz,