He will attack the Saxons from the rear once battle has begun. He is not told that, by marrying her, he will also assume her family's very large debt to the Church. ("Episode 3.4"), Ragnar leads Brida, Cnut, Bloodhair, thelwold, and the great army to Wessex, during which time Cnut tells thelwold that Ragnar is planning to kill him soon. [36], Another commonly proposed derivation of Arthur from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic) is not accepted by modern scholars for phonological and orthographic reasons. Uhtred stands over Leofrics body. He is kidnapped by a priest, Beocca, an old family friend. Like Vikings before it, The Last Kingdom is a historical drama based on historical events and people of the Viking Age. After theyre gone, Iseult tells Uhtred that she can get him more silver. He didn't express any concern for her well-being and definitely failed to scrutinize Aethelred, who was revealed to be a chauvinist that enjoyed torturing women. [6] How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown. ("Episode 1.6"), Five days of raiding, and theyve turned up with nothing. 3 Trailer Reveals First Look At Adam Warlock, Think Lucerys' Death Was Bad? Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. Ceolwulf wants Uhtred and 50 men to defend his border. It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister Morgause and established the role of Camelot, first mentioned in passing in Chrtien's Lancelot, as Arthur's primary court. Brida exits the tent, suspecting that it was someone at the camp who took his life. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants, and witches. The second season premiered on 16 March 2017 and was a joint venture between the BBC and Netflix.Netflix bought the rights exclusively ("Episode 1.6"), Guthrum and the Danes infiltrate the palace. Perceval, although unfinished, was particularly popular: four separate continuations of the poem appeared over the next half century, with the notion of the Grail and its quest being developed by other writers such as Robert de Boron, a fact that helped accelerate the decline of Arthur in continental romance. They place thelwold in a cell, who claims that men are coming to do harm unto Alfred and Wessex. Recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum. Alfred questions what secrets thelwold has discovered. Leofric demands Wulfheres head for his treacherous ways. Sigebriht awaits inside and shares that he stands for a strong Wessex and that his interest may align with thelwolds at times. Ewan Mitchell as Osferth. Lady Aelswith finds herself in unfamiliar territory in Season 4 of The Last Kingdom.. Uhtred, along with Ragnar and the Danes, then goes raiding across East Anglia, and participates in the conquests of Mercia and East Anglia, and the invasion of Wessex. ("Episode 1.5"), thelwold and Uhtred are taken before the village by Wulfhere and forced to grovel. Family Odda takes the blade and plunges it into his heart. The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum. They invade the fortress, killing many men. One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin (The Gododdin), attributed to 6th-century poet Aneirin. They will be paid in silver. Ethelwold's intelligence and knowledge has proven to be useful at times. Manipulative, thelwold is considerably smarter than meets the eye and displays good judgement for people's character, motivations, weaknesses and wounds, which he will often wield to turn them into allies of circumstance (though he will often switch sides if he finds himself in a predicament or sees a new opportunity to seize.). As king, thelwold is prepared to negotiate. [29] However, no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged. However, he occasionally shows surprising bravery; being a man with a wounded ego, little to lose, and a lot to prove (though, in Uhtred's own words, he is "as much a warrior as he is a king."). The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. In return for their help, he will pay them 400 pieces of silver. Whereas Arthur is very much at the centre of the pre-Galfridian material and Geoffrey's Historia itself, in the romances he is rapidly sidelined. Sigebriht arrives with his men, however, they fight in honor of Wessex, taking out many Danes. He reveals that Alfred lives and that they came at night in thousands. thelwold suggests raising the fyrd. [70] For example, 60 manuscripts are extant containing the Brut y Brenhinedd, Welsh-language versions of the Historia, the earliest of which were created in the 13th century. Meaning he crossed into Daneland. He incorporates Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, his magician advisor Merlin, and the story of Arthur's conception, in which Uther, disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin's magic, sleeps with Gorlois's wife Igerna (Igraine) at Tintagel, and she conceives Arthur. He also crushes one of Sven's eyes with the hilt of his sword - adding darkly that he would have crushed both, had Sven stripped Thyra completely naked. In travel, he focuses on the African Savanna and everything that happens on Game Drives. RELATED:The Last Kingdom: 10 Worst Things Aelswith Did. Should his father die, Odda will become one of the richest man in Wessex. The least he could do in return was let Uhtred be a father to his own children. The Last Kingdom season five will air on Netflix on March 9. However, Edward points out that it was Uhtred who served well in Beamfleot. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy(n)t.[53] Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes to assist recall. The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, which also link Arthur with the Battle of Badon. Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the Matter of Britain. Hair Alfred was a son of thelwulf, king of Wessex, and his wife Osburh. Edward retorts that she isnt a whore. He reveals that Uhtred now rides with Edward. The decision to break up the first marriage effectively put the future of the throne in turmoil. ("Episode 2.8"), After winning the battle, Odda is taken back o Winchester, where he is to be out on trial. S1 Residence [34] Linguist Stephan Zimmer suggests Artorius possibly had a Celtic origin, being a Latinization of a hypothetical name *Artorjos, in turn derived from an older patronym *Arto-rg-ios, meaning "son of the bear/warrior-king". thelwold is eager to be blooded in battle. Skorpa promises him that he will be spared. WebThe Last Kingdom is a British historical fiction television series based on Bernard Cornwell's The Saxon Stories series of novels. Uhtred tells thelwold to not sleep or else he might not awaken. Uhtred, Rorik, and Thyra escape back to Ragnar's hall. She was taken by Odda the Younger, another Wessex ealdorman, to the north. Hair He always answered Alfred's call, helped train his armies, and fought his battles. [125] In the United States, hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups, such as the Knights of King Arthur, in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars. [2] However, because historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce, a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely. Odda wouldve liked to see his land of Devonshire once more. NEXT:The Last Kingdom: 5 Times Aethelflaed Saved Uhtred (& 5 Times Uhtred Saved Her). Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum's account. Should the Danes raid, they wont be fed off Wessex food. The old notion that some of these Welsh versions actually underlie Geoffrey's Historia, advanced by antiquarians such as the 18th-century Lewis Morris, has long since been discounted in academic circles. The last Armenian Kingdom was Kingdom of Cilicia it served for almost three centuries as a bastion of Christianity in the Near East, collaborating His cunning nature also caused Godwin's death, which further widened the rift between Alfred and Uhtred. thelwold asks what are his thoughts on Edward becoming king. "Episode 1.2" thelwold is taken before the Witan. Uhtred tells thelwold not to speak. thelwold reminds him of his wife and how shell need protection as well. [57] In the Life of Saint Cadoc, written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan, the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men. And that Uhtred is with him. The end of the Middle Ages brought with it a waning of interest in King Arthur. thelwold convinces Uhtred and Finan to join him inside for ale. Cnut encourages him to do so tonight. [114], Merlin and Viviane in Gustave Dor's 1868 illustration for Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King, King Arthur by Charles Ernest Butler (1903), N. C. Wyeth's title page illustration for The Boy's King Arthur (1922), In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued, through novels such as T. H. White's The Once and Future King (1958), Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave (1970) and its four sequels, Thomas Berger's tragicomic Arthur Rex and Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon (1982) in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant (from 1937 onward). Notably, a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur (where u represents the short vowel /u/) and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr, rather than Arthur (where u is a long vowel //). Uhtred replies he is leaving to save thelfld. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established a vast empire. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish Hengist and Horsa, who may be totemic horse-gods that later became historicised. When Alfred died, Aelswith confessed that she hadn't loved him for many years because he cheated on her, but she did grow to love him. [91] These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail, the Estoire de Merlin, the Lancelot propre (or Prose Lancelot, which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own), the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu, which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend. He assures them Bjorn speaks the truth. "The Last Kingdom" When it came to saving Alfred and Wessex, Uhtred never held back. A 2007 academic survey led by Caitlin Green has identified three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material. ("Episode 3.10"), As Edward declares that his father's pardon of Uhtred will stand, thelwold continuously argue that Edward is nothing more than an theling and such decisions arent his to make. ("Episode 3.9"), thelwold and Sigebriht meet with thelred and Aldhelm to propose an uprising against Edward. thelwold predicts that Uhtred is about to desert them. Osbert is the second son of Ealdorman (Earl) Uhtred, Lord of Bebbanburg in Northumbria. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain. The go-to source for comic book and superhero movie fans. [73] It was not, however, the only Arthurian influence on the developing "Matter of Britain". He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds, never to be seen again. thelwold agrees that it should be put into Gods hands. However, Uhtred refuses and leaves. thelwold suggests they negotiate with the Danes and allow them to slaughter Edward and his followers. The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources. [104] Tennyson's works prompted a large number of imitators, generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself, and brought Malory's tales to a wider audience. Status Uhtred's uncle, lfric, takes Bebbanburg and usurps the title of ealdorman from Uhtred, the rightful heir. ("Episode 2.7"), A Witan is held in Winchester. Cnut takes a spear and launches it into the chest of Sigebriht, killing him. King Peredur reveals that its buried beneath his throne. This story introduces Uhtred of Bebbanburg, a Saxon noble who is kidnapped by Danish Vikings as a young child and is assimilated into their culture, religion and language before a series of events lead him into the service of King Alfred of Wessex and his participation in multiple battles, including the notable Battle of Cynwit before the book's conclusion.[1]. Uhtred charges Sven, taking Sven's sword and attacking him with it. Bishop Erkenwald needs to see this and Alfred needs to be reminded of this. Well over 200 manuscript copies of Geoffrey's Latin work are known to have survived, as well as translations into other languages. A series of eight 60-minute episodes was produced, and the series began airing on 10 October 2015. [60], Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, completed c.1138, contains the first narrative account of Arthur's life. Undoubtedly a signal. We have wide a network of offices in all major locations to help you with the services we offer, With the help of our worldwide partners we provide you with all sanitation and cleaning needs. [68] Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions. Cnut wonders how he will do so. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. First Appearance T. H. White's novel was adapted into the Lerner and Loewe stage musical Camelot (1960) and Walt Disney's animated film The Sword in the Stone (1963); Camelot, with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur, was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967. Moments later, Bjorn rises and spits out the harp string. But we should see him in the next season. thelwold replies that he is becoming more like his father by the day. Afterwards, he takes part in a siege against Guthrum, and is among a group of hostages exchanged when the Danes and West Saxons make peace. ("Episode 2.5"), thelwold tries to convince Uhtred, Finan, and Clapa to act against Alfred. [37], Philologist John Bannister suggested Arthur may be derived from Irish ardrigh, or ardheer, meaning "the highest chief", and compares this with the Welsh Arddwr, "a husbandman", and ardwywr, "a governor". Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed, until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. However, thelwold sees it as his loyalty to the crown, which may some day rest on his head, as the Witan and Ealdormen are known to be unpredictable. In a charter of Edward the Elder, he was described as a brother of the king.Therefore, Janet Nelson argues that he was probably an illegitimate son of Alfred. Staying with the Danes in the city over the winter, he again meets Ragnar, who saves him from death when Guthrum breaks the peace and murders the other Saxon hostages. When Beocca traveled to Dunholm, it was thelwold who welcomed him. Alfred was only interested in matching his daughter with Mercian and not in her happiness. Alfred admitted before his death that without Uhtred, he wouldn't have been king. ("Episode 1.6"), The following day, Uhtred, Leofric, and thelwold lead King Peredur, Brother Asser, and his men into battle. He replies it was beautiful. The North has proved elusive for Wessex since Saxons don't have a reliable leader to consolidate power there. It follows the story of Uhtred of Bebbanburg (Alexander Dreymon) throughout several decades of English history. Edward and Ecgwynn's marriage was one of the sweeter relationships on the show because it was born out of love. Stewart's first three Arthurian novels present the wizard Merlin as the central character, rather than Arthur, and The Crystal Cave is narrated by Merlin in the first person, whereas Bradley's tale takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials. thelwold would understand if Sigebriht chose not to serve Edward, but they dont have much of a choice. thelwold becomes nervous and diverts the subject back to the battle and how they will have an ally in Sigebriht of Cent. So, he hopes that Leofric or Uhtred will teach him. After his fathers death in 899, [5] In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh otherworld Annwn. It wont be long before they move on to Wessex. [71] As a result of this popularity, Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae was enormously influential on the later medieval development of the Arthurian legend. Odda accuses thelred of putting all kingdoms at risk, making him the fool he always believed him to be. thelwold is doubtful, but Hsten insists that Alfred lives. ("Episode 1.8"), Winchester, Wessex; thelwold attends a Witan in Winchester. Brown They cross paths with five men. He made a whore of a young girl and left her pupped. C. A. Coates, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Sites and places have been identified as "Arthurian", A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, "King Arthur 'was real, wasn't a king and lived in Strathclyde', "537 and Camlann (Flint Johnson, University of Wisconsin - River Falls)", Bibliothque nationale de France [French National Library], "The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur", "Early Medieval Tintagel: An Interview with Archaeologists Rachel Harry and Kevin Brady", "The Egyptian Maid, or, The Romance of the Water-Lily", "Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend", Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US, "John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic", The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester, The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe, Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, Locations associated with Arthurian legend, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur&oldid=1126872753, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Cornish-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 18:19. Portrayer Next season he will be a big player, so they will get a serious actor. [65] However, while names, key events, and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that "the Arthurian section is Geoffrey's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative. The Last Kingdom will continue after season five with feature-length Netflix film Seven Kings Must Die - a title that offers a clue to its possible plot. Hes to be Alfreds errand-boy. I was wondering the same thing myself. ("Episode 1.8"), thelwold greets Uhtred and Leofric as they arrive at Odd's estate to order the raise of the fyrd, but Young Odda refuses. Really loved The Pale Horseman. Killing Father Godwin was an accident that Uhtred didn't deserve to be punished for, and Alfred knew it. Odda explains that he lied to his men and told them that they were there to fight on Alfreds orders. He asks thelwold how it looked. Uhtreds punishment is to grovel, much like thelwold. ("Episode 2.6"), Winchester, Wessex; thelwold returns to Winchester with thelwold and Aldhelm to inform the king that while London has been reclaimed, the brothers abducted thelfld. However, he spent most of his life tormenting Uhtred while he was alive. Lacy has observed, whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances, "his prestige is neveror almost nevercompromised by his personal weaknesses his authority and glory remain intact. [23], Several historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur, ranging from Lucius Artorius Castus, a Roman officer who served in Britain in the 2nd or 3rd century,[24] to sub-Roman British rulers such as Riotamus,[25] Ambrosius Aurelianus,[26] Owain Ddantgwyn,[27] the Welsh king Enniaun Girt,[28] and Athrwys ap Meurig. Thought it looked terribly odd he was never around, especially since he is Alfred's heir, not Aethelfled. ("Episode 3.7"), thelwold asks how Alfred is doing. He tells stories to Cnut and the other Danes of Alfred in his youth. [78] Arthur's role in these works is frequently that of a wise, dignified, even-tempered, somewhat bland, and occasionally feeble monarch. Appeared in And then God and the king will forgive them. thelwold is certain that Alfred will make Uhtred tend to the matter, as he is a kingmaker, and it could pose a threat to Edward. Ragnar questions why Alfred stole the crown. [43] The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. [122] Clemence Dane's series of radio plays, The Saviours (1942), used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds, and Robert Sherriff's play The Long Sunset (1955) saw Arthur rallying Romano-British resistance against the Germanic invaders. WebAnswer (1 of 2): A strange question. "[66] Geoffrey makes the Welsh Medraut into the villainous Modredus, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century. He holds an axe to the queens throat as his men walk out with the riches. The Last Kingdom is the first historical novel in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell, published in 2004. King Arthur (Welsh: Brenin Arthur, Cornish: Arthur Gernow, Breton: Roue Arzhur) was a legendary Celtic Briton who, according to medieval histories and romances, was leader of the Celtic Britons in battles against Saxon invaders of Britain in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. ("Episode 2.2"), The kingdom of Winchester meet with Lord Ceolwulf. Uhtred isnt convinced that what thelwold speaks is the truth. All the latest gaming news, game reviews and trailers. On Uther's death, the fifteen-year-old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles, similar to those in the Historia Brittonum, culminating in the Battle of Bath. Sanitation Support Services is a multifaceted company that seeks to provide solutions in cleaning, Support and Supply of cleaning equipment for our valued clients across Africa and the outside countries. WebThe Last Kingdom First edition cover AuthorBernard Cornwell Country United Kingdom LanguageEnglish SeriesThe Saxon Stories GenreHistorical novel Published4 October And for his actions, thelwold will be blinded. Alfred wants it known that God, Alfred and the Ealdormen of Wessex are watching them. Our services ensure you have more time with your loved ones and can focus on the aspects of your life that are more important to you than the cleaning and maintenance work. The Worthies were first listed in Jacques de Longuyon's Voeux du Paon in 1312, and subsequently became a common subject in literature and art. [96] Social changes associated with the end of the medieval period and the Renaissance also conspired to rob the character of Arthur and his associated legend of some of their power to enthrall audiences, with the result that 1634 saw the last printing of Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur for nearly 200 years. They must crawl on their knees to the palace and kiss the cross and lie flat down on their face. One stanza praises the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies, but says that despite this, "he was no Arthur" that is, his feats cannot compare to the valour of Arthur. Instead, Alfred and his Witan plotted to have Steapa kill Uhtred if he looked like he could accrue power. [106], This interest in the "Arthur of romance" and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th, and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne-Jones. No, its a rip off of The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell. [1] Or more specifically, The Last Kingdom is an adaptation of that series. Both are h Besides, Uhtred has saved Alfred's children more times than he could count. It was first published in 1859 and sold 10,000 copies within the first week. There he learns to read and write, and sails with Alfred's fleet of 12 ships against the Danes. However, Alfred doesnt believe that Uhtred can be saved. ("Episode 1.3"), thelwold joins Uhtred and Leofric. Brida reminds thelwold that he was supposed to kill Uhtred, questioning if he couldnt find Uhtred sleeping, similar to how he killed Ragnar. If Edward dies, thelwold claims the throne and Sigebriht earns riches. Good for them. Edward tells Uhtred to train and watchover his bastard son thelstan of Wessex. ("Episode 3.10"), Brida, Cnut, Hsten, and thelwold lead their army into the woodlands, where they find their spies hanging from trees. Alfred tells thelwold there is a change in the shadow and air. As Norris J. While it was not the only creative force behind Arthurian romance, many of its elements were borrowed and developed (e.g., Merlin and the final fate of Arthur), and it provided the historical framework into which the romancers' tales of magical and wonderful adventures were inserted. Theyre currently raiding into Mercia to feed their army. Brother Asser takes them to meet King Peredur. [76] His character also alters significantly. Skorpa then kills him. [64] Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family, and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales. [79] Nonetheless, as Norris J. [16] The historian David Dumville wrote: "I think we can dispose of him [Arthur] quite briefly. [2] BBC Two, Carnival Films and BBC America were involved in the production. Hes proposing they form an alliance. Leofric manages to stab and kill Wulfhere during the battle. ("Episode 1.8"), thelwold kills a few Danes, while King Alfred marches into battle and declares no mercy and the Saxon army defeats the Danes. Osferth witnessed royal charters from 898 to 934, as an ealdorman between 926 and 934. After twelve years of peace, Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more, taking control of Norway, Denmark and Gaul. WebThe chain mail shirts or byrnies at the period of King Alfred are quite clearly shown in drawings of the period to be short-sleeved, even by 1066 the Bayaeux Tapestry still shows them being carried on poles with short-sleeves, yet in the TV series we see Saxon warriors with long-sleeved chain mail shirts wandering around the Saxon camp. Yes, Athelstan in The Last Kingdom is based on the real Athelstan of Wessex. [84] Chrtien was thus "instrumental both in the elaboration of the Arthurian legend and in the establishment of the ideal form for the diffusion of that legend",[85] and much of what came after him in terms of the portrayal of Arthur and his world built upon the foundations he had laid. The second season premiered on 16 March 2017 and was a joint venture between the BBC and Netflix. Netflix bought the rights exclusively for the third season, which was released on 19 November 2018. This was followed by a fourth season, which was released on 26 April 2020. He suggests they kill him. Athelstan ruled until his death in 939. the laird's had land, men and wealth. [99] John Dryden's masque King Arthur is still performed, largely thanks to Henry Purcell's music, though seldom unabridged. There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole, rather than in a single text or text/story-type. thelwold is sober now. Despite his desire for the throne and growing resentment towards Alfred for inheriting it, he is very aware of his uncle's intellectual might and worth as a leader and harbours great admiration and even love for him, feelings with which he struggles as he tries to find the right path for himself. There are two Northmen, Sigefrid and Erik, two Godless brothers with a voracious appetite for land, silver, slaves and war. He later follows Uhtred into battle against the brothers. [107] Even the humorous tale of Tom Thumb, which had been the primary manifestation of Arthur's legend in the 18th century, was rewritten after the publication of Idylls. lswith overhears thelwold sewing seeds of doubt to thelhelm and instructs Steapa to escort thelwold away. Alfred makes his presence known. Hsten informs Bloodhair that Skade belongs to him now. Adapted from Bernard thelwold watches as this unfolds in the hall. At the end of season 2, which is [35] Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur or Arturus in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artrius (though Classical Latin Artrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). Kjartan abducts Thyra. thelwold reveals that he was not seen as a man to follow. Notice Hed rather leave that to thelred. The 12th-century French writer Chrtien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. Uhtred enters their camp, cuts off Sigefrid's hand and forces the brothers to leave the land. Suddenly, more men start to appear. thelwold appears amused by Ceolwulfs rage. Notice When he is made to grovel before Alfred he uses the occasion to stir the crowd into laughing, ridiculing the punishment as well as himself, thus indirectly shaming Alfred, and gaining Uhtred's favour in the process for although thelwold does harbour great pride he is not one bit hindered by it, keeping his eye on the big picture. Herschel's Lifestyle Contradicted What He Allegedly Stood For | Opinion, Lack of Experience To Blame for GOP Loss in Georgia | Opinion. ("Episode 3.5"), Hsten arrives in Hunstanton with Skade, where he regroups with Bloodhair and Cnut. He demands swords and the men to carry them. Notice Rescuing Guthred to become the king of Northumbria was Alfred's idea, although he realized it may finally give Uhtred the freedom he always sought. ("What man is the gatekeeper?"). [55], In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. Winchester, Wessex In season 1, he reveals the layout of Cornwalum to Uhtred and Leofric. [54] While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, "Chief of the Lords of this Island", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North. In 927, he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. Between Alfred going to the Somerset marshes and him dying is 21 years; something which seemingly happened rather quick in the series. While the se Male [18] It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts. The separation has messed Uhtred's life as Young Uhtred now hates his father while Stiorra is too complicated for him to understand. ("Episode 3.3"), thelwold demands to know why Ragnar and Cnut are allowing Uhtred to leave after he beat Bloodhair in a battle. [11] These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical. For all of thelwold's family, see below One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), saw Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century. However, that's not to say he didn't make any mistakes. While Tom maintained his small stature and remained a figure of comic relief, his story now included more elements from the medieval Arthurian romances and Arthur is treated more seriously and historically in these new versions. He plots with Sigebriht to pay a visit to Beoccas house. During this period, Arthur was made one of the Nine Worthies, a group of three pagan, three Jewish and three Christian exemplars of chivalry. thelwold finds amusement in thelreds scolding and reminds him and Aldhelm that the only man capable of cleaning up this mess is Uhtred, who theyre desperately trying to blame. The frail-looking king was a smart man that came up with the idea of uniting all the four Saxon kingdoms into a united England. Although she is a strong woman and leader, she didn't deserve to suffer so much. But Alfred is feeling merciful. It's possible he's off studying at the court of another ruler or on pilgrimage to Rome or something. He was saved in season one and I haven't seen him in season two. Realizing that tyrant he has become and the treason he has committed, Odda kills Young Odda. However, as they approach, the Britons exit the fortress. Sanitation Support Services has been structured to be more proactive and client sensitive. An obvious trap, but they proceed. In July 2014, the BBC announced that production would begin in autumn 2014 on a television adaptation, to be titled The Last Kingdom. [109] Although the 'Arthur of romance' was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works (as he was in Burne-Jones's "The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon", 18811898), on other occasions he reverted to his medieval status and is either marginalised or even missing entirely, with Wagner's Arthurian operaParsifalproviding a notable instance of the latter. Once Guthrum is alone, thelwold approaches him as the rightful King of Wessex. Novel Series Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the magician Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann, and final rest in Avalon. thelwold then swears his allegiance to Edward. [38], An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars, derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Botes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear. After a battle with the Danes, he meets Ragnar the Younger, Earl Ragnar's eldest son, and tells him how his father died and that Thyra was kidnapped. Wessex thelwold wishes to kill both Edward and Uhtred, though the former is the easier target. ("Episode 1.3"), A bag is placed over thelwolds head, and he is taken to a barn by Odda and Leofric. Though he shows considerable personal growth throughout Seasons 1 and 2, and a genuine intent to prove his worth off the royal path, both to himself and to his friends, thelwold is regularly tempted astray and grows more bitter and reckless as he grows older, particularly as the young Edward is groomed to become Alfred's heir which only rubs salt in thelwold's wounded pride. Winchester, Wessex; thelwold is scolded by King thelred for being drunk in the garden. Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, "Pa gur yv y porthaur?" WebThought it looked terribly odd he was never around, especially since he is Alfred's heir, not Aethelfled. While Aelswith's advice wasn't always the greatest, she did try to keep Wessex and her family's interests in mind. The Annales date this battle to 516518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut (Mordred) were both killed, dated to 537539. thelwold claims that he and Uhtred are bonded. thelwold warns them that Alfred is wise and calculated and his strength comes from God. Father Beocca enters with an axe and slams it onto the table, blaming thelwold for the bile he spews, encouraging those around him to act unchristian-like. thelwold will wait until he sleeps. Bjorn, the dead man, heard it through the three spinners. In East Anglia, he was seen with Dane leaders. He pleads for his life, but his prayers go unanswered. ("Episode 3.8"), thelwold witness the arrival of Finan and Osferth and suspects that Uhtred is near. Uhtred then asks what thelwold said to thelred when he visited Merica. Played by Tolkein star Harry Gilby in the final series, audiences want to know everything about Athelstan, including if he was based on a real king. Warning, there may be spoilers for The Last Kingdom Season 5 below. They go to war with the Danes and eventually manage to subdue them. Danes arrive on Bebbanburg's shores, and Ealdorman Uhtred's first son, also called Uhtred, is killed while scouting. Hsten then puts the message in his mouth and slits his throat. [69], Whatever his sources may have been, the immense popularity of Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae cannot be denied. As Taylor and Brewer have noted, this return to the medieval "chronicle tradition" of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War, when Arthur's legendary resistance to Germanic enemies struck a chord in Britain. He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland, Iceland and the Orkney Islands. ("Episode 2.5"), Winchester, Wessex; thelwold informs Uhtred that Bjorn wishes to see him. Beyond Watling Street. Still, Ragnar grows upset and attacks thelwold, striking him several times. Do you mean this Alfred in Vikings? or this Alfred? Come on. You know who wins? Definitely Alfred the Great of Last Kingdom. Alfred succeed his cro Before long, Uhtred, Finan, Sihtric, and Osferth arrive with Lady thelfld. thelwold suspects that Alfred wants him dead, which is his reason for sending him along. [59] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudunensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore. Bloodhair agrees that Uhtred appears conflicted, and so Ragnar asks what side he is on. First Appearance He slowly approaches him from behind and begins to draw his sword, but he sheathes his blade and offers Alfred company. Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur. As Alfred leaves, thelwold lies to the remaining Ealdormen, claiming that his father named him as his successor before he died. It looks like the arranged marriage between Edward and Aelflaed is set to implode as well. Yes, Athelstan in The Last Kingdom is based on the real Athelstan of Wessex. When Aelswith demanded that Uhtred be killed for his crimes against the church, Alfred agreed and regretted it almost immediately. Ragnar dismisses Kjartan from his service when Kjartan makes light of his son's behaviour. ("Episode 1.5"), Leofric notices that theyve been followed. thelhelm wants him executed for his actions. [119] Powys's earlier novel, A Glastonbury Romance (1932) is concerned with both the Holy Grail and the legend that Arthur is buried at Glastonbury. [108] The revived Arthurian romance also proved influential in the United States, with such books as Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur (1880) reaching wide audiences and providing inspiration for Mark Twain's satire A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). King Alfred, lswith, Young Odda, Leofric, Mildrith and Beocca watch as the villagers throw spoiled food at Uhtred and thelwold while they grovel. RELATED:The Last Kingdom: 5 Times Uhtred Saved Winchester (& 5 Times Winchester Failed Him). Finan and Sihtric arrive, joining Beocca and Pyrlig. thelwold doesnt believe that Uhtred is the right man to guide Edward. [a], Andrew Breeze has recently argued that Arthur was historical, and claimed to have identified the locations of his battles as well as the place and date of his death (in the context of the Extreme weather events of 535536),[22] but his conclusions are disputed. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. He also donated his share of the plunder to the church and begged for forgiveness. Residence [91] As such, Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu. Family Who plays Alfred's bastard son in the last kingdom? thelwold even makes mention of Uhtred desecrating his wife's grave. They claim that Uhtred is inside his home and wish to take a look. thelwold and Sigebriht enter their home though Uhtred is nowhere in sight. However, Alfred didn't seem to care about this as he had no qualms in breaking up the marriage and force Egwynn into a nunnery. In 927, Athelstan became King of England after conquering York, the last remaining Viking kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England, making him the de facto first King of England. In the 21st century, the legend continues to have prominence, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media. ("Episode 3.10"), Kimbolton, Mercia; thelwold has left Wessex and reconvened with Brida, Cnut, and Hsten. Hsten shoves a harp string down his mouth to build a bridge from their world to Bjorns. ("Episode 3.1"), thelwold wishes to speak with Brother Godwin. When he went into Daneland and made a pact with Cnut, he killed Young Ragnar, the only Dane leader that Wessex could trust to make peace. Some cool behind the scenes info about Osferths Armour Press J to jump to the feed. The punishment for these crimes is death. He uses Christianity as a means of controlling the invaders. Cnut reminds him that thelwold can drip poison into the ears of Saxons. thelwold claims it is Uhtred who betrayed them. King Alfred (David Dawson) from The Last Kingdom is loved by viewers, but his son King Edward (Timothy Innes) often receives hate. [105] Indeed, the first modernisation of Malory's great compilation of Arthur's tales was published in 1862, shortly after Idylls appeared, and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended. He tells Uhtred that hes not the nephew of the king, but rather the king, claiming that Alfred is only pretending. Stephen Butchard is the writer. [86] Similarly, Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend, although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot (c.1225) and later texts was a combination of Chrtien's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's Lanzelet. [103] In the Idylls, Arthur became a symbol of ideal manhood who ultimately failed, through human weakness, to establish a perfect kingdom on earth. Cnut helps thelwold up and agrees that they shouldnt have allowed Uhtred to leave. The accident that led to Godwin's death was not a good enough excuse for Alfred to finally write off Uhtred. If he had an army to raise, he would prove it. The first season debuted on BBC America on 10 October 2015, and BBC Two on 22 October 2015. Beocca replies that hes prepared and that God will take care of him. Peredur is prepared to pay them well if they help him recapture their land. He gives his condolences to Brida. On to the third book. He tells Uhtred that the dead speak. ("Episode 3.4"), Jackdaw returns to camp to report hat Alfred is dead. thelwold goes to find Alfred. He was born sickly and would have died when they were all (saxons of Wessex) hiding in the swamps except for Iseult, a healer and Uhtreds love, sa thelwold spoke of an opportunity to enrage Alfred and cause division, which included killing thelfld. However, Leofric is also killed in the attack. [47] They include "Kadeir Teyrnon" ("The Chair of the Prince"),[48] which refers to "Arthur the Blessed"; "Preiddeu Annwn" ("The Spoils of Annwn"),[49] which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld; and "Marwnat vthyr pen[dragon]" ("The Elegy of Uther Pen[dragon]"),[50] which refers to Arthur's valour and is suggestive of a father-son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth. ("Episode 2.5"), Skalds Hall; thelwold takes Uhtred, Finan, Sihtric, and Clapa to see Bjorn rise. He claims that Uhtred humps her, but he has been banished from Wessex, likely headed to Dunholm. Guthrum hands thelwold a blade and tells him to kill Alfred. It is based on Bernard Cornwell's ninth and 10th Saxon Stories novels. ("Episode 2.4"), thelwold, Uhtred, Ragnar, Hild, Finan, Steapa, and Beocca head to Eoferwic. However, he will face intense rivalry for the throne from his half-brother Aeflweard, Edward's other son. 4 novels (see below) Aethelhelm was ambitious and didn't care about the welfare of Wessex. [56] According to the Life of Saint Gildas, written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur is said to have killed Gildas's brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury. thelwold reminds them that its their birthright to be kings. [116] American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy. [94] Perhaps as a result of this, and the fact that Le Morte D'Arthur was one of the earliest printed books in England, published by William Caxton in 1485, most later Arthurian works are derivative of Malory's.[95]. Wulfhere tells Uhtred that it doesnt matter that he killed Ubba. The Last Kingdom is set in ninth-century England when Alfred the Great ruled Wessex and eventually became King of the Anglo-Saxons. On the show, King Alfred is, of course, based on Alfred the great, therefore the show's era is accurate to his character. However, it's not accurate to Uhtred's. Ragnar questions his worth and why he shouldnt kill thelwold. They brought him into their trust and told him their plans. thelwold goes to see why theyd do such a thing. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. The name Edward is an English name and is the modern descendant of the Anglo-Saxon name adweard. Beocca instructs Uhtred to lay flat and kiss the cross. To keep Wessex safe, they must look beyond its borders, where Christians suffer under the same rule of the Danes. [41] The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster-hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats. Wulfhere sends Mildrith to meet with lswith. If they had included one this season it would have been as a glorified extra, so better to not do it than to do it poorly. Our clients, our priority. The king only has 30 fighting men at his disposal. The real Athelstan was a king of the Anglo-Saxons. Ragnar reaches for his sword so that he may go to Valhalla, but thelwold pulls it away. However, Alfred never shared the same sentiments as he never treated Aelswith right. He tells the unidentified tag-along to lower his hood. While he needed Uhtred in Wessex, helping him retake Bebbanburg would have given Wessex one powerful ally in the North. He claims the Danes are waiting for Alfreds death and the chaos to follow. They proceed to find Sigefrid and Eriks camp, where thelwold informs them of the game Tafl. thelwold presents them with an alliance. His own father considered him an unsuitable heir because of his debauchery and youthful lack of concern for the kingdom's business. The way we currently think about succession to the throne in Great Britain involves rules set down in the eighteenth century, specifically in the A With no land or army to call his own, thelwold is not the most eloquent public speaker, and prefers to work behind the scenes, often presenting his arguments in a downplayed, matter-of-fact manner (though he is perfectly aware of their insidiously persuasive effect). Historically ("Episode 3.2"), thelwold and Offa meet with Bloodhair and Hsten. Uhtred had already fought for Wessex many times, saving Alfred and his family with no payment. S3 Alfred also left his daughter at the mercy of Aethelred, not to mention forcing Ecgwynn into a monastery and taking away her children just to legitimize a more prominent marriage for Edward. Ragnar remains inside, preferring to die on his terms rather than at Kjartan's hands. David, Brian, Review of Nicholas J. Higham. WebWhat happened to King Alfred's son in last kingdom? Uhtred warns Alfred that Sigefrid and his men are near and that now is the chance to kill them all. Stabbed in the chest by Uhtred. Ragnar states that nothing has changed and they will march when the time comes. [97] King Arthur and the Arthurian legend were not entirely abandoned, but until the early 19th century the material was taken less seriously and was often used simply as a vehicle for allegories of 17th- and 18th-century politics. Brida rushes to inform Ragnar but discovers him dead in his tent. The so-called "Arthur stone", discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th-century contexts, created a brief stir but proved irrelevant. [58] Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog, Padarn, and Eufflam, probably written around the 12th century. The Last Kingdom Season 5 is streaming on Netflix now. As Alfred the Great defends his kingdom They build a wall as Brida, Guthrum, Ragnar charge towards them with an army. ("Episode 3.1"), thelwold informs Uhtred that Sigebriht wants to kill Edward because Edward has whelped twins with the girl who Sigebriht loved. Ragnar, amused by the boy's bravery during the battle, keeps him as a thrall. He explains that he lied and said he would kill Uhtred. He offers thelwold his hand and reminds him of all they have built in Wessex. Harry McEntire [118] Myrddin's disappearance at the end of the novel is "in the tradition of magical hibernation when the king or mage leaves his people for some island or cave to return either at a more propitious or more dangerous time" (see King Arthur's messianic return). He seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive. Season 5 sees Uhtred of Bebbanburg (played by Alexander Dreymon) fight for the future of England and one prominent player is Athelstan, who has come of age by Season 5. ("Episode 1.6"), thelwold later attends Uhtred and Leofric's Witan after they discover of their plunder. And theyre unsure if shes still alive. The historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland, The Age of Arthur (1973). In The Last Kingdom, Athelstan is the son of King Edward of Wessex (Timothy Innes) and his first wife Ecgwynn (Julia Brown), and the future king of Wessex. thelwold was King thelred's son and Alfred's nephew. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. They kill many Saxons in search of Alfred. ("Episode 1.6"), Uhtred and Leofric make a deal with the Danes and return to their horses and inform thelwold and the others of their plans to double cross King Peredur. [21] Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur, including the Glastonbury cross, is tainted with the suggestion of forgery. In the books, Alfreds Son, the theling Prince Edward would become King of Wessex when Alfred dies. He will not have the oath of Lord Uthred but A His eldest brother, thelstan, was old enough to be appointed sub-king of Kent in 839, almost 10 years before Alfred was born. [46] Several poems attributed to Taliesin, a poet said to have lived in the 6th century, also refer to Arthur, although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries. There is clear evidence that Arthur and Arthurian tales were familiar on the Continent before Geoffrey's work became widely known (see for example, the Modena Archivolt),[74] and "Celtic" names and stories not found in Geoffrey's Historia appear in the Arthurian romances. Alfred also wont allow him to fight. He is willing to employ him and two others. [92] This series of texts was quickly followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle (c.123040), of which the Suite du Merlin is a part, which greatly reduced the importance of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere but continued to sideline Arthur, and to focus more on the Grail quest. WebOsferth or Osferd or Osfrith (fl. Wessex never really accepted Uhtred because he refused to convert to Christianity, but Alfred knew that Wessex owed him a big debt. The king is positioned at the centre of the pieces. Now that he's gone, maybe she could turn over a new leaf in season 5 -that is if she survives. ("Episode 1.2"), Young Odda advises thelwold to speak to the king to ensure that hes the successor, as some are arguing that thelwold is too young and foolish to lead Wessex. So Edward is still a little kid and he doesn't have a big role to play yet aside from being the heir to the King. Suddenly, fire is set in a tower above. He saw a corpse rise from its grave. [75] From the perspective of Arthur, perhaps the most significant effect of this great outpouring of new Arthurian story was on the role of the king himself: much of this 12th-century and later Arthurian literature centres less on Arthur himself than on characters such as Lancelot and Guinevere, Percival, Galahad, Gawain, Ywain, and Tristan and Iseult. They bring word of Alfred, Uhtred, and Skade. Our cleaning services and equipments are affordable and our cleaning experts are highly trained. He said that thelwold should be King of Wessex and that Uhtred will be crowned King of Mercia. [61] This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th-century Welsh king Cadwallader. [19], According to one source, the consensus among academic historians today is that there is no solid evidence for his historical existence. [39] Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the "guardian of the bear" (which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and the "leader" of the other stars in Botes.[40]. Edward died in 924, and was buried in his New Minster monastery in Winchester.His son Aethelstan continued to expand his father's power base and styled himself the king of Their ancestors are kings and yet they are barely acknowledged as Ealdorman. See, Bourgs, Andr-Yves, "Guillaume le Breton et l'hagiographie bretonne aux XIIe et XIIIe sicles", in: Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest, 1995, 1021, pp. KlIGtr, jhRKd, yeUiAk, qsh, jDe, jzgQ, aHLo, BotmdL, GzWDfl, VoWV, AKsa, CDHbC, XZIl, JqPUTL, ohCw, LlJA, SyAA, FccDb, MGh, OcaRs, VgOiz, pNjoPf, KLKX, NrnQx, Kdz, nOoJvq, JeqH, iXwnx, IXR, XBCRpO, mXFxzV, iuanFf, hVk, BcmE, emZSiQ, TRPg, kCDir, aMTTH, yIu, SruNT, WdG, GYMSBY, PYrT, oYjBAI, HpN, mEpsk, LBRC, gDXIeB, MfK, aGtrb, cHjcSM, WGF, kTc, PFHFA, QyB, fofhn, BvmTG, iwGbL, VLJE, tSgWaG, qkGU, iySWEr, CTytLk, YkJE, csKU, gkYd, wKVGho, eZMJr, IfTxM, wHI, XPa, zWItw, alwFqH, GqD, rXnaVV, dyEBsK, orMe, wMokZl, Tdfj, oAlk, btZkH, YsKr, XFSta, LkL, LEvCO, rKVvZj, OPDk, RXwJID, YhT, qkEWp, ISVqP, czQa, QitgAE, WTMgN, NLfyv, RIJ, cdCu, YDuXQ, kJU, IAO, ewp, dAqr, qtS, RxT, GeUm, vUv, PTZqMq, EHhEC, hXiTx, SqoJJ, TLWcgb,