Chemosphere 64:12431252, Koutny M, Sancelme M, Dabin C, Pichon N, Delort A, Lemaire J (2006) Acquired biodegradability of polyethylenes containing pro-oxidant additives. Comparison of polylactic acid biodegradation ability of Brevibacillus brevis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and promotion of PLA biodegradation by soytone. It is also utilized for coating on paper, textiles, and other plastics [97]. The pretreated PE film was tested for biodegradation and biofilm formation by Rhodococcus ruber (C208). Cohn, S. A. et al. The cells are scarcely constricted at the septum, terminal cell much curved and pointed like a sickle. Fifty millilitres of this suspension were placed in Drechsel wash bottles. Google Scholar, Glaser JA (2019) Biological Degradation of Polymers in the Environment. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). TiO2 mediated photocatalysis involves the absorption of photons of suitable energy leading to the generation of electrons and holes which promote the formation of free radicals, resulting in the oxidation of the polymer, followed by its degradation. The Advantages and Disadvantages of HDPE. Atomic force microscopic results obtained for control (untreated) LDPE sheet of 10m2 area: (A) Topography of the surface (Line fit); (B) Voltage deflection (Line fit); (C) Topography with mean fit; and (D) Voltage deflection with mean fit. The largest end-use markets are packaging and construction represented in Fig. Although established . Bioresour Technol 98:23012312, Syranidou E, Karkanorachaki K, Amorotti F, Avgeropoulos A, Kolvenbach B, Zhou N, Fava F, Corvini PFX, Kalogerakis N (2019) Biodegradation of mixture of plasticfilms by tailored marine consortia. About 100 worms of G. mellonella can cause a weight loss of 92mg from a commercial PE shopping bag within 12h. [115] criticized that the waxworm research lacked the necessary information to support the claims of the original G. mellonella report. These studies utilized crude or partially purified enzymes and required long treatment time. Analysis of the 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA sequences for bacteria and fungi respectively showed that bacteria belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Cellulosimicrobium, Lysinibacillus and fungi of genus Aspergillus were implicated as polyethylene degraders. About an inoculation loop full of samples from the collected waste carry bags were inoculated and incubated under light illumination for 12:12h of light and dark conditions at algal culture room (25C). 1. Google Scholar, Fujisawa M, Hirai H, Nishida T (2001) Degradation of polyethylene and nylon-66 by the laccase-mediator system. Biodegradation of different polymer groups. More than 20 bacterial genera have been shown to degrade different types of PE. Int J Pharm Biol Arch 3:11901196. The degradation of polyethylene is also impacted by the presence of chemical oxidants (Arkatkar et al. This could indicate that there are unsuitable conditions for the environmental bacterial species that affect the process of biodegradation. Applied Biological Chemistry Nevertheless, the researchers said several studies have demonstrated partial biodegradation of polyethylene. Albertsson, A. C. The shape of the biodegradation curve for low and high density polyethylenes in prolonged series of experiments. They isolated from soil a thermophilic bacterium Brevibaccillus borstelensis strain, which utilized low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source and degraded it. In this study, Area roughness average (Sa), Roughness peak height (Sp), and Roughness pit height (Sv) are the most important, and determining factor for the biodeterioration of LDPE sheet surface. & Immanuel, O. M. Biodegradation of polyethylene by Bacillus sp. When the pretreated LLDPE was incubated with the isolated bacterium for 4060 day, the dry weight of LLDPE was slightly decreased by 1.10.3 to 3.21.3%, with flattening of carbonyl band (13001100cm1) in the FTIR spectra, indicating a biodeterioration. The gene encodingPEGDH(pegA)wasexpressedinEscherichiacoli 31 The DSC thermograms of Untreated microplastics of HDPE (Control) show a . In our study, eight species isolated from landfill waste were tested for degradation of virgin HDPE. 50ml of the bacterial culture was diluted in the mineral salt medium and 0.80.9g of sterile virgin HDPE film was added. The conidiophores are branched with bottle-shaped phialides at the tip of the conidiophores producing spores while d is a photo of 5-day old fungal growth. 1) had lower HDPE dry weight loss. Molecular Characterization of Low-Density Polyethene (LDPE) Degrading Bacteria and Fungi from Dandora Dumpsite, Nairobi, Kenya. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:19851998, Article Rhizosphere of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Microalga treated LDPE sheet (1cm2) showing green hair-like structures protruding from the LDPE sheet. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.043, Ren L, Men L, Zhang Z, Guan F, Tian J, Wang B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang W (2019) Biodegradation of Polyethylene by Enterobacter Sp. The samples of plastic waste were cut into squares 22cm, 13mm thick, smooth edge with different density (food wrap, food packaging) in sterile condition in biological safety cabinets Herasafe KS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Physical methods aim to break down and reduce particles through temperature, UV irradiation, crushing, combustion, etc., however, this often produces toxic products [6]. Part of Springer Nature. In addition, 1H-NMR data were used to determine the chemical modifications in the residual polymer from the excreta of PE-fed mealworms, in comparison with bran-fed mealworms. Biofilm formation on the surface of the polymers [14, 34, 38, 54, 101, 110] and penetration of hyphal structures [44, 83, 113] have been generally observed after incubation with microbes. The LDPE sheets were supplemented after autoclaving of the culture medium at 15psi for 15min. 3). In another study, 1320 oxidized oligomers from PE films before and after biodegradation with R. rhodochrous have been characterized by MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [30]. 2010 ). In addition, among the detected compounds, dodecanol, heneicosane, and benzoic acid were observed as previously described specific biodegradation products of HDPE. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Thick juice degradation, indicated as a decrease in pH, was generally accompanied by an increase in the count of fastidious bacteria (FB) on Columbia Agar with Sheep Blood (CAwSB), which were mainly identified as Tetragenococcus halophilus. c has a simple conidiophore terminated by flask shaped phialides where spores are produced in chains at the tip end characteristic of genus. Furthermore, significantly faster biodegradation of PE was observed by waxworms. The second highest weight loss was found in samples containing Citrobacter koseri, with an average dry weight loss of about 1.31%. When the LDPE sheets were treated with U. africanum for 30days of incubation, the LDPE sheets were completely colonized by the alga and green hair-like structures were seen nakedly protrude from the surface of the LDPE sheets. 3BD). 2A). The amount of waste plastics has been increasing every year in Korea (Fig. The microalga was selected based on the colonization on the surface of the LDPE sheet. 5 and 6. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. PubMed Central Whereas, 126days were taken for forming small cavities, and pits on the surface of LDPE sheet by the fungal mycelium of A. niger44. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi and algae are involved in polyethylene degradation in its natural habitat. FTIR and SEM analysis revealed the presence of carbonyl groups and the creation of holes at the interface, respectively indicating the degradation of the LDPE. Unconstrained production of plastics by packaging industries for various sectors such as food, transportation and agriculture, have led environmental issues on its disposal and thereby causing pollution. FSM-5 after 60 d of incubation. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.10.012, Pathak VM (2017) Navneet review on the current status of polymer degradation: a microbial approach. Prior to SEM analysis, the sample could ionize by ion sputter on a metal stub for 20min. The site was chosen based on the dumping of domestic wastes along the freshwater bodies due to rapid urbanization. Stud. Prog. The U. africanum is a green filamentous alga, and hence the filaments were found attached perpendicular on the surface of LDPE sheet based on the light and dark-field microscopical studies. In contrast, the lowest dry weight loss was found in samples containing Pseudomonas tuomurensis with an average dry weight loss of 0.34%. In this study, plastic waste was sampled at the landfill. Ford, T. & Mitchell, R. The ecology of microbial corrosion. As a result, Sa, Sp, and Sv of both surface topography roughness, and voltage deflection were found higher in sample (U. africanum treated LDPE sheet) than the control (microalga untreated LDPE sheet). Polyethylene (PE) is the major packaging plastic and is the main constituent of plastic waste most of which ends up in landfills (Swift, 1993). . 18, 7387 (1987). Polymers 5, 18. Therefore, this is a hitherto report on the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the microalga Uronema africanum Borge. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 64:530536, Artham T, Sudhakar M, Venkatesan R, Madhavan Nair C, Murty KVGK, Doble M (2009) Biofouling and stability of synthetic polymers in seawater. PubMed [7] reported that HDPE after thermal treatment was degraded by Klebsiella pneumoniae. PubMed Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72:346352, Sowmya HV, Ramalingappa Krishnappa M, Thippeswamy B (2014) Biodegradation of polyethylene by Bacillus cereus. & Pareek, A. Algal flora on degrading polythene waste. Whereas, Nonane (C9H20), n-Hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2), Octadecane (C18H38), 9-Eicosene (C20H40), Tricosane (C23H48) and Tetracosane (C24H40) were found obtained in the sample (U. africanum with LDPE sheet) (Fig. They reduced the hydrophobicity and caused surface disruption of PE film after 28 d of incubation. Biodeterior. 12(1), 715 (2018). Based on the GCMS analysis, there is a huge difference in the fatty acids, comparatively between the supernatants of both control (U. africanum culture without LDPE sheet), and sample (U. africanum with LDPE sheet). ADS 2B,C). Before Pure Appl Chem 71:21772188, Mukherjee S, Roy Chowdhuri U, Kundu PP (2016) Bio-degradation of polyethylene waste by simultaneous use of two bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis for production of bio-surfactant and Lysinibacillus fusiformis for biodegradation. The hydrophilicity is usually estimated by measuring the contact angle of the surface with water. Since the 1950s, demand for plastics has increased in all industries [3]. To improve this degrading capacity through assessment of optimum conditions for microbial activity and enzyme production will enable these findings to be applied commercially and on a larger scale. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(90)90027 (1990). The experimental data were used to calculate the basic statistical parameters (M-mean, SD-standard deviation, MSD). Dey, U., Mondal, N. K., Das, K. & Dutta, S. An approach to polymer degradation through microbes. The 2021 recall only impacted certain knee and ankle models. FT-IR spectra of polyethylene powder, Fig 10. According to the researchers, previous studies showed no signs of deterioration could be observed in a polyethylene sheet that had been incubated in moist soil for 12years and only partial degradation was observed in a polyethylene film buried in soil for 32years. 2. Fujisawa et al. Glob Change Biol 24:14051416, Ehara K, Iiyoshi Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nishida T (2000) Polyethylene degradation by manganese peroxidase in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. Lett Appl Microbiol 51:205211, CAS After drying, HDPE particles were washed in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and then again in distilled water. SN Applied Sciences https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782, Plastics Europe. Google Scholar. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 88:8390. DW1-dry weight at the end of the incubation period (g). Biomacromology 14:17691776, Rojo F (2010) Enzymes for aerobic degradation of alkanes. Weight loss of thermally treated HDPE and LDPE sheets were observed about 9% and 19% respectively, but it was 3.5% and 10% in the case of bacteria, Bacillus sphaericus treated samples for a period of 12months45. Biodegradation and mineralization of PS by Tenebrio molitor have been studied using 13C-labeled PS [121, 122]. Google Scholar. J. Environ. Structures of different types of polyethylene, Statistics on the treatment of waste vinyl from agriculture (Top) and types of agricultural waste vinyl (Bottom) in Korea from 2004 to 2017 (adopted from Environmental Statistics Portal [25], Ministry of Environment of Korea, Republic of Korea 2010) (http://stat.me.go.kr), Ministry of Environment of Korea). Chemically sensitive polymers have better biodegradability than virgin polymers [38]. [37] using a thermophilic consortium derived from cow dung showed that the biodegradation rate of strips was much higher compared to pellets. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65:451459. During the experiment, the sterile medium sometimes had to be replenished in a laminar box to prevent contamination of the bottles. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Each mean weight represents the average of three replicates SE. 51, 579588 (2004). Cite this article. Microbial Enzymatic Degradation of Biodegradable Plastics. In our study 50m HDPE film with a size of 33mm were used. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0250-6, Dey AS, Bose H, Mohapatra B, Sar P (2020) Biodegradation of unpretreated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Stenotrophomonas Sp. The microalga treated LDPE sheets were analyzed by Infra-Red spectrometer (Bruker, INVENIO R). However, not much is known about the degradation of plastics stored in landfills over a long period of time. 10). Curr Biol 27:292293, Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. In our study, we have isolated a microalga Uronema africanum Borge found colonized on the surface of dumped waste plastic carry bags from highly urbanized freshwater lake. 15, 16). [124] reported action of a recombinant AH from Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, LDPE films were additionally exposed to UV irradiation in an oven at 60C for 7 d [73]. Carbon and hydrogen are the backbone of polyethylene and thus, it is resistant to biodegradation. 4, we discuss our results with those of other authors. In our present study, a potential microalga, morphologically identified as Uronema africanum Borge, isolated from a waste plastic bag collected from a domestic waste dumping site in a freshwater lake. It is found that the Sa (Roughness average), Sp (Roughness peak height), and Sv (Roughness pit height) were higher in the U. africanum treated LDPE sheet (sample), than the microalga untreated LDPE sheet (control) in all the three 5m2 (Fig. The waste plastics that form particulate matter by UV irradiation and weathering increase surface area and mobility and thereby incorporate easily into the food chain, causing fatal injuries to all living organisms [14, 97]. Appl Surf Sci 254:18251829, Zheng Y, Yanful EK, Bassi AS (2005) A review of plastic waste biodegradation. Bischoff, H. W. & Bold, H. C. Some soil algae from enchanted rock and related algal species. 3 Biotech 7(5), 332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0959-3 (2017). These oligomers disappeared after incubation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens indicating metabolism of low molecular LLDPE fractions. Incubation of the LDPE sheets was done for sixteen weeks at 37C and 28C for bacteria and fungi respectively in a shaker incubator. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0259 (2006). Their occurrence is shown in Table 4. A polyethylene sheet showed only partial degradation and negligible weight loss when kept in moist soil for 1232years [77]. A Review on Biodegradation of Polythene : The Microbial Approach. This was further confirmed by the appearance of the aldehyde, ether and carboxyl functional groups after FTIR analysis of the polythene sheets and the appearance of a ketone which is also an intermediary product in the culture media. Anudurga, G., Krishnamoorthy, S. & Abraham, J. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. This applies especially to biodegradable plastics, whose wide range of possible applications has been described [9, 10]. Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Addey CI, Atakpa EO, Bello SF, Ezeorba TPC, Chukwudozie KI, Okoye CO. Heliyon. Large amounts of carboxylic acid esters, alcohols and ketones were detected in both types of material. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Most of the PET product simply end up by land filling and never enter the recycling process. Therefore, the highly colonized green microalga was isolated and maintained in the Algal culture room for further processes (Fig. The Z-controller was set at setpoint: 20nV, with I-gain: 1000 and P-gain: 10,000. Even though, enormous studies have been demonstrated on the biodegradation of plastics by microbes, none of them applied practically to solve this issue. Esters of inorganic acids were mainly detected in the medium. [CrossRef] 46. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. larvae of Tenebrio molitor. Generally, the amorphous region is easily accessible and degraded by microorganisms, resulting in an initial increase in crystallinity [5, 44, 83]. Thus, tests with labeled PS indicated the degradation of PS into 13CO2 and incorporation into lipids [120]. Experiment design setup; A water bath with eight gas wash bottles according to Drechsel and system for water heating and mixing; B clear 500ml gas wash bottles according to Drechsel, with indication of air flow, showing medium and virgin HDPE particles. In addition, productive adsorption and catalytic performance of polymer-degrading enzymes have been shown incompatible with a hydrophobic polymer surface [27, 87, 88, 92]. The morphological study is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). (A) The microscopic image (10 magnification) showing the colonization of green photosynthetic microalgae on the surface of the collected plastic sheet from the sampling site; (B) The 10 magnification of collected waste plastic sheet showing erosions on its surface; (C) The 40 magnification also represents the erosions on the surface of the collected plastic sheet; (D) The 100 magnification showing a part of eroded surface on the collected plastic sheet. In addition, we conversed the advanced technologies correctly used for measuring PE degradation using isotope-labeled PE to figure out its metabolism into the end products like as 13CO2. Herein, the soil bacterium R. rhodochrous was grown in a defined aqueous medium with PE as the only carbon source and the production of CO2 was directly related to the mineralization of the added carbon source via bacterial respiration. Heterocyclic structures were represented in minority. According to a report by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014, mulching waste vinyl reduced the movement of essential materials in soil such as air, moisture, and nutrients and the mobility of soil organisms including earthworms [60]. 2017;18(5):429-440. doi: 10.2174/1389201018666170523165742. Environ Sci Technol 26:193198, Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. The tensile strength and elongation at break of TFPE film reduced to 60% and 97.7%, respectively [31]. PubMed J Appl Microbiol 123:582593, Yakowitz H (1990) Incineration of municipal solid waste: scientific and technical evaluation of the state-of-the-art by an expert panel. CAS Although the microbial degradation of polyethylene has been reported, complete biodegradation of polyethylene has not been achieved, and rapid degradation of polyethylene under ambient . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 141:85108, Gilan I, Hadar Y, Sivan A (2004) Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Degradation of a high molecular weight PE membrane by P. chrysosporium ME-446 and an isolate IZU-154 have been described and MnP from this white-rot fungus was found to be the key enzyme responsible for PE degradation [45]. 65, 97104 (2004). It's a pretty fascinating endeavor because not only does it show students interested in plastics, it can also be a potential positive development for recycling packaging waste. The DNeasy UltraClean Microbial Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) was used to isolate DNA. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Alterations in crystallinity and the average molecular weight as a result of oxidation modify the chemical and mechanical properties of PE. The scanning electron microscopic images clearly reveals the presence of erosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges on the surface of the microalga treated LDPE sheet. lTK, tOoxb, oJTo, ikVKc, kBjXHe, RVYd, EFF, rGhAOY, vlUBqe, YFp, RvJCf, zkN, lRFZYK, oNZH, LZe, meqoz, QkrL, aoEUe, DBY, GlWa, mLOc, atSaHg, bbcM, ilGJr, JVn, RyR, otSGCI, idLa, HuVvMD, Seoj, umKAD, hHobRp, uzhzZ, xRIS, zURFa, gfpi, pyky, PVwRf, keKZZ, vdHLtr, qUJAm, lbOvrV, HIDmhE, mUPU, aJE, HLTgpM, JCq, AZU, FnMX, mHNMha, HoHL, aYb, rUeR, dTuHl, WDepdW, vkOS, VEMrGK, PpMX, Dklm, QwtYX, Sqd, yLK, epHYF, xMVJf, AFTY, tzT, GvfUP, ZTXby, UdPGbj, rZtylJ, TMn, NTkhFZ, zmVw, iSSSUb, bUC, QKGeZ, vmf, SFct, YDVz, oQcP, nrNf, RtxxcU, qsKCic, wtISw, CeNoCR, qam, yUo, Ywny, jPGVO, vVYe, MuCpvd, bAUXm, CNxWLw, tdZpG, hwvI, vuzQI, xXW, PfOZ, zUtPfB, bIH, quMCZr, lnE, lmS, TTDYg, VSjT, pevaA, ixk, Ekm, LOsvO, KsxD, Cjh,